2018

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Why the world’s best footballers are cheaper than they seem

August 12, 2017
For football clubs, August is often the costliest month, when they make vast bids for each other’s players. This year has been particularly lavish. On August 3rd Paris SaintGermain (PSG), a French team, signed Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior, a Brazilian forward, from Barcelona for €222m ($264m), more than twice the prior record price for a footballer.
With three weeks of the transfer “window” left, teams in Europe’s “big five” leagues — the top divisions in England, Spain, Germany, Italy and France — have paid €3.2bn, just short of the record of €3.4bn set last year. The €179m splurged by Manchester City, an English club, on defenders outstrips 47 countries’ defence budgets. Arsène Wenger, a veteran manager of Arsenal, a London team, and an economics graduate, describes the modern transfer market as “beyond calculation and beyond rationality”.

Neymar, as he is known, will cost PSG’s owners, a branch of Qatar’s sovereign-wealth fund, about €500m over five years. In the betting markets, his arrival has boosted PSG’s implied chances of winning the Champions League, Europe’s most coveted club competition — but only from around 5.5% to about 9%. And prize money and ticket sales alone struggle to generate enough revenue to recoup such an outlay.
That does not make Neymar a bad investment. The goals he scores may matter less than the gloss he lends to the club’s brand and the sponsors he will lure. He earns more from endorsements than any footballer except Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. Some 59% of PSG’s revenue of €520m last year was commercial (that is, other than ticket sales and broadcasting fees), more than any other club in the big five leagues. Neymar has more followers on Instagram, a social network, than does Nike, his main sponsor and the provider of PSG’s kit, for which privilege it pays €24m a year. Neymar’s popularity will help PSG when this deal is renegotiated. Nike has already agreed to pay Barcelona €155m a season from 2018.
PSG’s owners are confident of breaking even, though they could afford a loss. Qatar has been spending €420m a week preparing for the 2022 World Cup, and the signing of Neymar is a message that the otherwise embattled country remains strong and rich. The danger is to PSG, since under “financial fair play” rules, teams are punished if they fail to limit their losses. In 2014 the club was fined for violating these. Another failure to balance the books could mean a ban from the Champions League.
Such spending caps irk billionaire owners, but they have helped prevent the inflation of a transfer-fee bubble. The rapid rise is a result of European football’s expanding fan base. In the English Premier League, football’s richest, average net spending on players per club has stayed roughly constant, hovering at around 15% of revenue since the 1990s, according to the 21st Club, a football consultancy.
As long as clubs’ revenues keep growing, the transfer boom is likely to persist. Broadcasting revenue, the game’s first big injection of cash in the 1990s, has become, in the internet era, the weakest link. British television audiences for live games have dipped as some fans opt for illegal streaming sites or free highlights. Zach Fuller, a media analyst, reckons that signing a sponsorship magnet like Neymar is a hedge against volatility in that market.
Audiences are more robust elsewhere: around 100m Chinese viewers tune into the biggest games. Manchester United are the most popular team on Chinese social media, despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice in the past four seasons. They have overtaken Real Madrid, who have won the trophy three times in the same period, as the world’s most prosperous club. If Neymar unlocks new markets as well as defences, then PSG ____________ a winner.

(www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/
21726098-share-clubs-revenues-highest-transfer-
fees-have-been-fairly-constant. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder a questão

Why the world’s best footballers are cheaper than they seem

August 12, 2017
For football clubs, August is often the costliest month, when they make vast bids for each other’s players. This year has been particularly lavish. On August 3rd Paris SaintGermain (PSG), a French team, signed Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior, a Brazilian forward, from Barcelona for €222m ($264m), more than twice the prior record price for a footballer.
With three weeks of the transfer “window” left, teams in Europe’s “big five” leagues — the top divisions in England, Spain, Germany, Italy and France — have paid €3.2bn, just short of the record of €3.4bn set last year. The €179m splurged by Manchester City, an English club, on defenders outstrips 47 countries’ defence budgets. Arsène Wenger, a veteran manager of Arsenal, a London team, and an economics graduate, describes the modern transfer market as “beyond calculation and beyond rationality”.

Neymar, as he is known, will cost PSG’s owners, a branch of Qatar’s sovereign-wealth fund, about €500m over five years. In the betting markets, his arrival has boosted PSG’s implied chances of winning the Champions League, Europe’s most coveted club competition — but only from around 5.5% to about 9%. And prize money and ticket sales alone struggle to generate enough revenue to recoup such an outlay.
That does not make Neymar a bad investment. The goals he scores may matter less than the gloss he lends to the club’s brand and the sponsors he will lure. He earns more from endorsements than any footballer except Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. Some 59% of PSG’s revenue of €520m last year was commercial (that is, other than ticket sales and broadcasting fees), more than any other club in the big five leagues. Neymar has more followers on Instagram, a social network, than does Nike, his main sponsor and the provider of PSG’s kit, for which privilege it pays €24m a year. Neymar’s popularity will help PSG when this deal is renegotiated. Nike has already agreed to pay Barcelona €155m a season from 2018.
PSG’s owners are confident of breaking even, though they could afford a loss. Qatar has been spending €420m a week preparing for the 2022 World Cup, and the signing of Neymar is a message that the otherwise embattled country remains strong and rich. The danger is to PSG, since under “financial fair play” rules, teams are punished if they fail to limit their losses. In 2014 the club was fined for violating these. Another failure to balance the books could mean a ban from the Champions League.
Such spending caps irk billionaire owners, but they have helped prevent the inflation of a transfer-fee bubble. The rapid rise is a result of European football’s expanding fan base. In the English Premier League, football’s richest, average net spending on players per club has stayed roughly constant, hovering at around 15% of revenue since the 1990s, according to the 21st Club, a football consultancy.
As long as clubs’ revenues keep growing, the transfer boom is likely to persist. Broadcasting revenue, the game’s first big injection of cash in the 1990s, has become, in the internet era, the weakest link. British television audiences for live games have dipped as some fans opt for illegal streaming sites or free highlights. Zach Fuller, a media analyst, reckons that signing a sponsorship magnet like Neymar is a hedge against volatility in that market.
Audiences are more robust elsewhere: around 100m Chinese viewers tune into the biggest games. Manchester United are the most popular team on Chinese social media, despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice in the past four seasons. They have overtaken Real Madrid, who have won the trophy three times in the same period, as the world’s most prosperous club. If Neymar unlocks new markets as well as defences, then PSG ____________ a winner.

(www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/
21726098-share-clubs-revenues-highest-transfer-
fees-have-been-fairly-constant. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder a questão

Why the world’s best footballers are cheaper than they seem

August 12, 2017
For football clubs, August is often the costliest month, when they make vast bids for each other’s players. This year has been particularly lavish. On August 3rd Paris SaintGermain (PSG), a French team, signed Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior, a Brazilian forward, from Barcelona for €222m ($264m), more than twice the prior record price for a footballer.
With three weeks of the transfer “window” left, teams in Europe’s “big five” leagues — the top divisions in England, Spain, Germany, Italy and France — have paid €3.2bn, just short of the record of €3.4bn set last year. The €179m splurged by Manchester City, an English club, on defenders outstrips 47 countries’ defence budgets. Arsène Wenger, a veteran manager of Arsenal, a London team, and an economics graduate, describes the modern transfer market as “beyond calculation and beyond rationality”.

Neymar, as he is known, will cost PSG’s owners, a branch of Qatar’s sovereign-wealth fund, about €500m over five years. In the betting markets, his arrival has boosted PSG’s implied chances of winning the Champions League, Europe’s most coveted club competition — but only from around 5.5% to about 9%. And prize money and ticket sales alone struggle to generate enough revenue to recoup such an outlay.
That does not make Neymar a bad investment. The goals he scores may matter less than the gloss he lends to the club’s brand and the sponsors he will lure. He earns more from endorsements than any footballer except Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. Some 59% of PSG’s revenue of €520m last year was commercial (that is, other than ticket sales and broadcasting fees), more than any other club in the big five leagues. Neymar has more followers on Instagram, a social network, than does Nike, his main sponsor and the provider of PSG’s kit, for which privilege it pays €24m a year. Neymar’s popularity will help PSG when this deal is renegotiated. Nike has already agreed to pay Barcelona €155m a season from 2018.
PSG’s owners are confident of breaking even, though they could afford a loss. Qatar has been spending €420m a week preparing for the 2022 World Cup, and the signing of Neymar is a message that the otherwise embattled country remains strong and rich. The danger is to PSG, since under “financial fair play” rules, teams are punished if they fail to limit their losses. In 2014 the club was fined for violating these. Another failure to balance the books could mean a ban from the Champions League.
Such spending caps irk billionaire owners, but they have helped prevent the inflation of a transfer-fee bubble. The rapid rise is a result of European football’s expanding fan base. In the English Premier League, football’s richest, average net spending on players per club has stayed roughly constant, hovering at around 15% of revenue since the 1990s, according to the 21st Club, a football consultancy.
As long as clubs’ revenues keep growing, the transfer boom is likely to persist. Broadcasting revenue, the game’s first big injection of cash in the 1990s, has become, in the internet era, the weakest link. British television audiences for live games have dipped as some fans opt for illegal streaming sites or free highlights. Zach Fuller, a media analyst, reckons that signing a sponsorship magnet like Neymar is a hedge against volatility in that market.
Audiences are more robust elsewhere: around 100m Chinese viewers tune into the biggest games. Manchester United are the most popular team on Chinese social media, despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice in the past four seasons. They have overtaken Real Madrid, who have won the trophy three times in the same period, as the world’s most prosperous club. If Neymar unlocks new markets as well as defences, then PSG ____________ a winner.

(www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/
21726098-share-clubs-revenues-highest-transfer-
fees-have-been-fairly-constant. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder a questão

Why the world’s best footballers are cheaper than they seem

August 12, 2017
For football clubs, August is often the costliest month, when they make vast bids for each other’s players. This year has been particularly lavish. On August 3rd Paris SaintGermain (PSG), a French team, signed Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior, a Brazilian forward, from Barcelona for €222m ($264m), more than twice the prior record price for a footballer.
With three weeks of the transfer “window” left, teams in Europe’s “big five” leagues — the top divisions in England, Spain, Germany, Italy and France — have paid €3.2bn, just short of the record of €3.4bn set last year. The €179m splurged by Manchester City, an English club, on defenders outstrips 47 countries’ defence budgets. Arsène Wenger, a veteran manager of Arsenal, a London team, and an economics graduate, describes the modern transfer market as “beyond calculation and beyond rationality”.

Neymar, as he is known, will cost PSG’s owners, a branch of Qatar’s sovereign-wealth fund, about €500m over five years. In the betting markets, his arrival has boosted PSG’s implied chances of winning the Champions League, Europe’s most coveted club competition — but only from around 5.5% to about 9%. And prize money and ticket sales alone struggle to generate enough revenue to recoup such an outlay.
That does not make Neymar a bad investment. The goals he scores may matter less than the gloss he lends to the club’s brand and the sponsors he will lure. He earns more from endorsements than any footballer except Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. Some 59% of PSG’s revenue of €520m last year was commercial (that is, other than ticket sales and broadcasting fees), more than any other club in the big five leagues. Neymar has more followers on Instagram, a social network, than does Nike, his main sponsor and the provider of PSG’s kit, for which privilege it pays €24m a year. Neymar’s popularity will help PSG when this deal is renegotiated. Nike has already agreed to pay Barcelona €155m a season from 2018.
PSG’s owners are confident of breaking even, though they could afford a loss. Qatar has been spending €420m a week preparing for the 2022 World Cup, and the signing of Neymar is a message that the otherwise embattled country remains strong and rich. The danger is to PSG, since under “financial fair play” rules, teams are punished if they fail to limit their losses. In 2014 the club was fined for violating these. Another failure to balance the books could mean a ban from the Champions League.
Such spending caps irk billionaire owners, but they have helped prevent the inflation of a transfer-fee bubble. The rapid rise is a result of European football’s expanding fan base. In the English Premier League, football’s richest, average net spending on players per club has stayed roughly constant, hovering at around 15% of revenue since the 1990s, according to the 21st Club, a football consultancy.
As long as clubs’ revenues keep growing, the transfer boom is likely to persist. Broadcasting revenue, the game’s first big injection of cash in the 1990s, has become, in the internet era, the weakest link. British television audiences for live games have dipped as some fans opt for illegal streaming sites or free highlights. Zach Fuller, a media analyst, reckons that signing a sponsorship magnet like Neymar is a hedge against volatility in that market.
Audiences are more robust elsewhere: around 100m Chinese viewers tune into the biggest games. Manchester United are the most popular team on Chinese social media, despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice in the past four seasons. They have overtaken Real Madrid, who have won the trophy three times in the same period, as the world’s most prosperous club. If Neymar unlocks new markets as well as defences, then PSG ____________ a winner.

(www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/
21726098-share-clubs-revenues-highest-transfer-
fees-have-been-fairly-constant. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder a questão

Why the world’s best footballers are cheaper than they seem

August 12, 2017
For football clubs, August is often the costliest month, when they make vast bids for each other’s players. This year has been particularly lavish. On August 3rd Paris SaintGermain (PSG), a French team, signed Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior, a Brazilian forward, from Barcelona for €222m ($264m), more than twice the prior record price for a footballer.
With three weeks of the transfer “window” left, teams in Europe’s “big five” leagues — the top divisions in England, Spain, Germany, Italy and France — have paid €3.2bn, just short of the record of €3.4bn set last year. The €179m splurged by Manchester City, an English club, on defenders outstrips 47 countries’ defence budgets. Arsène Wenger, a veteran manager of Arsenal, a London team, and an economics graduate, describes the modern transfer market as “beyond calculation and beyond rationality”.

Neymar, as he is known, will cost PSG’s owners, a branch of Qatar’s sovereign-wealth fund, about €500m over five years. In the betting markets, his arrival has boosted PSG’s implied chances of winning the Champions League, Europe’s most coveted club competition — but only from around 5.5% to about 9%. And prize money and ticket sales alone struggle to generate enough revenue to recoup such an outlay.
That does not make Neymar a bad investment. The goals he scores may matter less than the gloss he lends to the club’s brand and the sponsors he will lure. He earns more from endorsements than any footballer except Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. Some 59% of PSG’s revenue of €520m last year was commercial (that is, other than ticket sales and broadcasting fees), more than any other club in the big five leagues. Neymar has more followers on Instagram, a social network, than does Nike, his main sponsor and the provider of PSG’s kit, for which privilege it pays €24m a year. Neymar’s popularity will help PSG when this deal is renegotiated. Nike has already agreed to pay Barcelona €155m a season from 2018.
PSG’s owners are confident of breaking even, though they could afford a loss. Qatar has been spending €420m a week preparing for the 2022 World Cup, and the signing of Neymar is a message that the otherwise embattled country remains strong and rich. The danger is to PSG, since under “financial fair play” rules, teams are punished if they fail to limit their losses. In 2014 the club was fined for violating these. Another failure to balance the books could mean a ban from the Champions League.
Such spending caps irk billionaire owners, but they have helped prevent the inflation of a transfer-fee bubble. The rapid rise is a result of European football’s expanding fan base. In the English Premier League, football’s richest, average net spending on players per club has stayed roughly constant, hovering at around 15% of revenue since the 1990s, according to the 21st Club, a football consultancy.
As long as clubs’ revenues keep growing, the transfer boom is likely to persist. Broadcasting revenue, the game’s first big injection of cash in the 1990s, has become, in the internet era, the weakest link. British television audiences for live games have dipped as some fans opt for illegal streaming sites or free highlights. Zach Fuller, a media analyst, reckons that signing a sponsorship magnet like Neymar is a hedge against volatility in that market.
Audiences are more robust elsewhere: around 100m Chinese viewers tune into the biggest games. Manchester United are the most popular team on Chinese social media, despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice in the past four seasons. They have overtaken Real Madrid, who have won the trophy three times in the same period, as the world’s most prosperous club. If Neymar unlocks new markets as well as defences, then PSG ____________ a winner.

(www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/
21726098-share-clubs-revenues-highest-transfer-
fees-have-been-fairly-constant. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder a questão

Why the world’s best footballers are cheaper than they seem

August 12, 2017
For football clubs, August is often the costliest month, when they make vast bids for each other’s players. This year has been particularly lavish. On August 3rd Paris SaintGermain (PSG), a French team, signed Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior, a Brazilian forward, from Barcelona for €222m ($264m), more than twice the prior record price for a footballer.
With three weeks of the transfer “window” left, teams in Europe’s “big five” leagues — the top divisions in England, Spain, Germany, Italy and France — have paid €3.2bn, just short of the record of €3.4bn set last year. The €179m splurged by Manchester City, an English club, on defenders outstrips 47 countries’ defence budgets. Arsène Wenger, a veteran manager of Arsenal, a London team, and an economics graduate, describes the modern transfer market as “beyond calculation and beyond rationality”.

Neymar, as he is known, will cost PSG’s owners, a branch of Qatar’s sovereign-wealth fund, about €500m over five years. In the betting markets, his arrival has boosted PSG’s implied chances of winning the Champions League, Europe’s most coveted club competition — but only from around 5.5% to about 9%. And prize money and ticket sales alone struggle to generate enough revenue to recoup such an outlay.
That does not make Neymar a bad investment. The goals he scores may matter less than the gloss he lends to the club’s brand and the sponsors he will lure. He earns more from endorsements than any footballer except Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. Some 59% of PSG’s revenue of €520m last year was commercial (that is, other than ticket sales and broadcasting fees), more than any other club in the big five leagues. Neymar has more followers on Instagram, a social network, than does Nike, his main sponsor and the provider of PSG’s kit, for which privilege it pays €24m a year. Neymar’s popularity will help PSG when this deal is renegotiated. Nike has already agreed to pay Barcelona €155m a season from 2018.
PSG’s owners are confident of breaking even, though they could afford a loss. Qatar has been spending €420m a week preparing for the 2022 World Cup, and the signing of Neymar is a message that the otherwise embattled country remains strong and rich. The danger is to PSG, since under “financial fair play” rules, teams are punished if they fail to limit their losses. In 2014 the club was fined for violating these. Another failure to balance the books could mean a ban from the Champions League.
Such spending caps irk billionaire owners, but they have helped prevent the inflation of a transfer-fee bubble. The rapid rise is a result of European football’s expanding fan base. In the English Premier League, football’s richest, average net spending on players per club has stayed roughly constant, hovering at around 15% of revenue since the 1990s, according to the 21st Club, a football consultancy.
As long as clubs’ revenues keep growing, the transfer boom is likely to persist. Broadcasting revenue, the game’s first big injection of cash in the 1990s, has become, in the internet era, the weakest link. British television audiences for live games have dipped as some fans opt for illegal streaming sites or free highlights. Zach Fuller, a media analyst, reckons that signing a sponsorship magnet like Neymar is a hedge against volatility in that market.
Audiences are more robust elsewhere: around 100m Chinese viewers tune into the biggest games. Manchester United are the most popular team on Chinese social media, despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice in the past four seasons. They have overtaken Real Madrid, who have won the trophy three times in the same period, as the world’s most prosperous club. If Neymar unlocks new markets as well as defences, then PSG ____________ a winner.

(www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/
21726098-share-clubs-revenues-highest-transfer-
fees-have-been-fairly-constant. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder a questão

Why the world’s best footballers are cheaper than they seem

August 12, 2017
For football clubs, August is often the costliest month, when they make vast bids for each other’s players. This year has been particularly lavish. On August 3rd Paris SaintGermain (PSG), a French team, signed Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior, a Brazilian forward, from Barcelona for €222m ($264m), more than twice the prior record price for a footballer.
With three weeks of the transfer “window” left, teams in Europe’s “big five” leagues — the top divisions in England, Spain, Germany, Italy and France — have paid €3.2bn, just short of the record of €3.4bn set last year. The €179m splurged by Manchester City, an English club, on defenders outstrips 47 countries’ defence budgets. Arsène Wenger, a veteran manager of Arsenal, a London team, and an economics graduate, describes the modern transfer market as “beyond calculation and beyond rationality”.

Neymar, as he is known, will cost PSG’s owners, a branch of Qatar’s sovereign-wealth fund, about €500m over five years. In the betting markets, his arrival has boosted PSG’s implied chances of winning the Champions League, Europe’s most coveted club competition — but only from around 5.5% to about 9%. And prize money and ticket sales alone struggle to generate enough revenue to recoup such an outlay.
That does not make Neymar a bad investment. The goals he scores may matter less than the gloss he lends to the club’s brand and the sponsors he will lure. He earns more from endorsements than any footballer except Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. Some 59% of PSG’s revenue of €520m last year was commercial (that is, other than ticket sales and broadcasting fees), more than any other club in the big five leagues. Neymar has more followers on Instagram, a social network, than does Nike, his main sponsor and the provider of PSG’s kit, for which privilege it pays €24m a year. Neymar’s popularity will help PSG when this deal is renegotiated. Nike has already agreed to pay Barcelona €155m a season from 2018.
PSG’s owners are confident of breaking even, though they could afford a loss. Qatar has been spending €420m a week preparing for the 2022 World Cup, and the signing of Neymar is a message that the otherwise embattled country remains strong and rich. The danger is to PSG, since under “financial fair play” rules, teams are punished if they fail to limit their losses. In 2014 the club was fined for violating these. Another failure to balance the books could mean a ban from the Champions League.
Such spending caps irk billionaire owners, but they have helped prevent the inflation of a transfer-fee bubble. The rapid rise is a result of European football’s expanding fan base. In the English Premier League, football’s richest, average net spending on players per club has stayed roughly constant, hovering at around 15% of revenue since the 1990s, according to the 21st Club, a football consultancy.
As long as clubs’ revenues keep growing, the transfer boom is likely to persist. Broadcasting revenue, the game’s first big injection of cash in the 1990s, has become, in the internet era, the weakest link. British television audiences for live games have dipped as some fans opt for illegal streaming sites or free highlights. Zach Fuller, a media analyst, reckons that signing a sponsorship magnet like Neymar is a hedge against volatility in that market.
Audiences are more robust elsewhere: around 100m Chinese viewers tune into the biggest games. Manchester United are the most popular team on Chinese social media, despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice in the past four seasons. They have overtaken Real Madrid, who have won the trophy three times in the same period, as the world’s most prosperous club. If Neymar unlocks new markets as well as defences, then PSG ____________ a winner.

(www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/
21726098-share-clubs-revenues-highest-transfer-
fees-have-been-fairly-constant. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder a questão

Why the world’s best footballers are cheaper than they seem

August 12, 2017
For football clubs, August is often the costliest month, when they make vast bids for each other’s players. This year has been particularly lavish. On August 3rd Paris SaintGermain (PSG), a French team, signed Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior, a Brazilian forward, from Barcelona for €222m ($264m), more than twice the prior record price for a footballer.
With three weeks of the transfer “window” left, teams in Europe’s “big five” leagues — the top divisions in England, Spain, Germany, Italy and France — have paid €3.2bn, just short of the record of €3.4bn set last year. The €179m splurged by Manchester City, an English club, on defenders outstrips 47 countries’ defence budgets. Arsène Wenger, a veteran manager of Arsenal, a London team, and an economics graduate, describes the modern transfer market as “beyond calculation and beyond rationality”.

Neymar, as he is known, will cost PSG’s owners, a branch of Qatar’s sovereign-wealth fund, about €500m over five years. In the betting markets, his arrival has boosted PSG’s implied chances of winning the Champions League, Europe’s most coveted club competition — but only from around 5.5% to about 9%. And prize money and ticket sales alone struggle to generate enough revenue to recoup such an outlay.
That does not make Neymar a bad investment. The goals he scores may matter less than the gloss he lends to the club’s brand and the sponsors he will lure. He earns more from endorsements than any footballer except Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. Some 59% of PSG’s revenue of €520m last year was commercial (that is, other than ticket sales and broadcasting fees), more than any other club in the big five leagues. Neymar has more followers on Instagram, a social network, than does Nike, his main sponsor and the provider of PSG’s kit, for which privilege it pays €24m a year. Neymar’s popularity will help PSG when this deal is renegotiated. Nike has already agreed to pay Barcelona €155m a season from 2018.
PSG’s owners are confident of breaking even, though they could afford a loss. Qatar has been spending €420m a week preparing for the 2022 World Cup, and the signing of Neymar is a message that the otherwise embattled country remains strong and rich. The danger is to PSG, since under “financial fair play” rules, teams are punished if they fail to limit their losses. In 2014 the club was fined for violating these. Another failure to balance the books could mean a ban from the Champions League.
Such spending caps irk billionaire owners, but they have helped prevent the inflation of a transfer-fee bubble. The rapid rise is a result of European football’s expanding fan base. In the English Premier League, football’s richest, average net spending on players per club has stayed roughly constant, hovering at around 15% of revenue since the 1990s, according to the 21st Club, a football consultancy.
As long as clubs’ revenues keep growing, the transfer boom is likely to persist. Broadcasting revenue, the game’s first big injection of cash in the 1990s, has become, in the internet era, the weakest link. British television audiences for live games have dipped as some fans opt for illegal streaming sites or free highlights. Zach Fuller, a media analyst, reckons that signing a sponsorship magnet like Neymar is a hedge against volatility in that market.
Audiences are more robust elsewhere: around 100m Chinese viewers tune into the biggest games. Manchester United are the most popular team on Chinese social media, despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice in the past four seasons. They have overtaken Real Madrid, who have won the trophy three times in the same period, as the world’s most prosperous club. If Neymar unlocks new markets as well as defences, then PSG ____________ a winner.

(www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/
21726098-share-clubs-revenues-highest-transfer-
fees-have-been-fairly-constant. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder a questão

Why the world’s best footballers are cheaper than they seem

August 12, 2017
For football clubs, August is often the costliest month, when they make vast bids for each other’s players. This year has been particularly lavish. On August 3rd Paris SaintGermain (PSG), a French team, signed Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior, a Brazilian forward, from Barcelona for €222m ($264m), more than twice the prior record price for a footballer.
With three weeks of the transfer “window” left, teams in Europe’s “big five” leagues — the top divisions in England, Spain, Germany, Italy and France — have paid €3.2bn, just short of the record of €3.4bn set last year. The €179m splurged by Manchester City, an English club, on defenders outstrips 47 countries’ defence budgets. Arsène Wenger, a veteran manager of Arsenal, a London team, and an economics graduate, describes the modern transfer market as “beyond calculation and beyond rationality”.

Neymar, as he is known, will cost PSG’s owners, a branch of Qatar’s sovereign-wealth fund, about €500m over five years. In the betting markets, his arrival has boosted PSG’s implied chances of winning the Champions League, Europe’s most coveted club competition — but only from around 5.5% to about 9%. And prize money and ticket sales alone struggle to generate enough revenue to recoup such an outlay.
That does not make Neymar a bad investment. The goals he scores may matter less than the gloss he lends to the club’s brand and the sponsors he will lure. He earns more from endorsements than any footballer except Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. Some 59% of PSG’s revenue of €520m last year was commercial (that is, other than ticket sales and broadcasting fees), more than any other club in the big five leagues. Neymar has more followers on Instagram, a social network, than does Nike, his main sponsor and the provider of PSG’s kit, for which privilege it pays €24m a year. Neymar’s popularity will help PSG when this deal is renegotiated. Nike has already agreed to pay Barcelona €155m a season from 2018.
PSG’s owners are confident of breaking even, though they could afford a loss. Qatar has been spending €420m a week preparing for the 2022 World Cup, and the signing of Neymar is a message that the otherwise embattled country remains strong and rich. The danger is to PSG, since under “financial fair play” rules, teams are punished if they fail to limit their losses. In 2014 the club was fined for violating these. Another failure to balance the books could mean a ban from the Champions League.
Such spending caps irk billionaire owners, but they have helped prevent the inflation of a transfer-fee bubble. The rapid rise is a result of European football’s expanding fan base. In the English Premier League, football’s richest, average net spending on players per club has stayed roughly constant, hovering at around 15% of revenue since the 1990s, according to the 21st Club, a football consultancy.
As long as clubs’ revenues keep growing, the transfer boom is likely to persist. Broadcasting revenue, the game’s first big injection of cash in the 1990s, has become, in the internet era, the weakest link. British television audiences for live games have dipped as some fans opt for illegal streaming sites or free highlights. Zach Fuller, a media analyst, reckons that signing a sponsorship magnet like Neymar is a hedge against volatility in that market.
Audiences are more robust elsewhere: around 100m Chinese viewers tune into the biggest games. Manchester United are the most popular team on Chinese social media, despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice in the past four seasons. They have overtaken Real Madrid, who have won the trophy three times in the same period, as the world’s most prosperous club. If Neymar unlocks new markets as well as defences, then PSG ____________ a winner.

(www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/
21726098-share-clubs-revenues-highest-transfer-
fees-have-been-fairly-constant. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder a questão

Why the world’s best footballers are cheaper than they seem

August 12, 2017
For football clubs, August is often the costliest month, when they make vast bids for each other’s players. This year has been particularly lavish. On August 3rd Paris SaintGermain (PSG), a French team, signed Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior, a Brazilian forward, from Barcelona for €222m ($264m), more than twice the prior record price for a footballer.
With three weeks of the transfer “window” left, teams in Europe’s “big five” leagues — the top divisions in England, Spain, Germany, Italy and France — have paid €3.2bn, just short of the record of €3.4bn set last year. The €179m splurged by Manchester City, an English club, on defenders outstrips 47 countries’ defence budgets. Arsène Wenger, a veteran manager of Arsenal, a London team, and an economics graduate, describes the modern transfer market as “beyond calculation and beyond rationality”.

Neymar, as he is known, will cost PSG’s owners, a branch of Qatar’s sovereign-wealth fund, about €500m over five years. In the betting markets, his arrival has boosted PSG’s implied chances of winning the Champions League, Europe’s most coveted club competition — but only from around 5.5% to about 9%. And prize money and ticket sales alone struggle to generate enough revenue to recoup such an outlay.
That does not make Neymar a bad investment. The goals he scores may matter less than the gloss he lends to the club’s brand and the sponsors he will lure. He earns more from endorsements than any footballer except Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. Some 59% of PSG’s revenue of €520m last year was commercial (that is, other than ticket sales and broadcasting fees), more than any other club in the big five leagues. Neymar has more followers on Instagram, a social network, than does Nike, his main sponsor and the provider of PSG’s kit, for which privilege it pays €24m a year. Neymar’s popularity will help PSG when this deal is renegotiated. Nike has already agreed to pay Barcelona €155m a season from 2018.
PSG’s owners are confident of breaking even, though they could afford a loss. Qatar has been spending €420m a week preparing for the 2022 World Cup, and the signing of Neymar is a message that the otherwise embattled country remains strong and rich. The danger is to PSG, since under “financial fair play” rules, teams are punished if they fail to limit their losses. In 2014 the club was fined for violating these. Another failure to balance the books could mean a ban from the Champions League.
Such spending caps irk billionaire owners, but they have helped prevent the inflation of a transfer-fee bubble. The rapid rise is a result of European football’s expanding fan base. In the English Premier League, football’s richest, average net spending on players per club has stayed roughly constant, hovering at around 15% of revenue since the 1990s, according to the 21st Club, a football consultancy.
As long as clubs’ revenues keep growing, the transfer boom is likely to persist. Broadcasting revenue, the game’s first big injection of cash in the 1990s, has become, in the internet era, the weakest link. British television audiences for live games have dipped as some fans opt for illegal streaming sites or free highlights. Zach Fuller, a media analyst, reckons that signing a sponsorship magnet like Neymar is a hedge against volatility in that market.
Audiences are more robust elsewhere: around 100m Chinese viewers tune into the biggest games. Manchester United are the most popular team on Chinese social media, despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice in the past four seasons. They have overtaken Real Madrid, who have won the trophy three times in the same period, as the world’s most prosperous club. If Neymar unlocks new markets as well as defences, then PSG ____________ a winner.

(www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/
21726098-share-clubs-revenues-highest-transfer-
fees-have-been-fairly-constant. Adaptado)

Observe o gráfico a seguir.

Analise os gráficos.

A implementação das metas estipuladas pela Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) tem apresentado desafios, conforme constatado, por exemplo, pelo não cumprimento do prazo para a extinção dessa forma de descarte, previsto, inicialmente, para agosto de 2014. A sua continuidade agrava os impactos negativos ao meio ambiente e à salubridade pública em nossas cidades, na medida em que, dos 5 568 municípios brasileiros, 3 326 ainda descartam seus resíduos incorretamente e, por ano, 41,3% dos 79 milhões de toneladas de resíduos produzidos tem essa destinação.

O estudo foi feito nas reservas florestais da costa leste dos EUA. Os pesquisadores abriram clareiras do tamanho de um quarteirão no meio da floresta nativa. Algumas clareiras eram isoladas, outras ligadas entre si por finos caminhos. Os pesquisadores produziram uma grande combinação de áreas desmatadas, todas do mesmo tamanho, mas algumas delas ligadas entre si. Após o desmatamento, que foi feito simultaneamente em todas as áreas, os pesquisadores mediram ao longo dos anos o retorno das espécies em cada uma das clareiras. Eles observaram que ao longo dos anos o número de espécies diferentes era maior nas áreas conectadas do que nas áreas desconectadas.

Basta um peteleco para causar um efeito dominó em sua biodiversidade. E além do Brasil, a região cobre mais oito países. Esse bioma agora está sob ameaça de seis barragens que podem ser construídas nos Andes por nossos vizinhos, o que pode gerar consequências trágicas. A região andina abrange somente 11% desta bacia, mas fornece 93% dos sedimentos e a maior parte dos nutrientes levados por seus rios.

Leia o excerto e analise a imagem.
O experimento constitui-se por lâminas ou placas de metal galvanizado que fecham três lados de um retângulo com um quarto lado posicionado na parte mais baixa da área de amostragem, na qual se instala uma calha coletora, também construída por lâmina de ferro. A calha, por sua vez, é conectada a tambores por saídas laterais. O trabalho do pesquisador é coletar, a cada chuva, o volume de água e sedimentos armazenados na calha e nos tambores, medindo-os, secando-os e pesando-os em balança de precisão.

Observe a imagem a seguir.

Observe o mapa a seguir.

A Terra formou-se como planeta há 4,5 bilhões de anos. A evidência mais antiga de vida foi encontrada em rochas com idade aproximada de 3,5 bilhões de anos. Há cerca de 2,5 bilhões de anos, a quantidade de oxigênio na atmos fera aumentou devido à fotossíntese dos vegetais pri mitivos. Os animais apareceram repentinamente há cerca de 600 milhões de anos, diversificando-se rapida - mente numa grande explosão evolutiva. A subsequente evolução da vida foi marcada por uma série de extinções em massa. Nossa espécie apareceu há cerca de 40 mil anos.

Impulsionada pela forte demanda do mercado chinês, a expansão do corredor logístico pelo Norte do país vem deixando um rastro de impactos negativos no entorno do rio Tapajós, na Amazônia, de acordo com estudos de ONGs sobre projetos de infraestrutura na região.

Fala-se muito hoje sobre a disputa de estados e municípios pela busca por empresas para se instalarem lucrativamente. A realidade é que, do ponto de vista das empresas, o mais importante é que nos pontos onde desejam se instalar haja um conjunto de circunstâncias vantajosas. Trata-se, na verdade, de uma busca por municípios produtivos.

Observe a imagem.

“Eu vou construir para você um irmão”, diz uma bolha de pensamento ao lado do retrato de Trump, enquanto ele coloca sua mão em uma imagem de uma parede, composta por placas de concreto de 26 pés de altura. Devido às ambições do presidente Trump de construir um muro ao longo da fronteira entre os EUA e o México, o artista, então, considerou apropriado que Trump esteja presente no muro mais controverso do mundo – um exemplo para ele do tipo de muro fronteiriço que quer construir.

Juntamente com a era da industrialização, ocorre na Europa um acelerado crescimento populacional. A fábrica encontrava-se ainda em estágio inicial, necessitando de elevada mão de obra. Em virtude dos baixos salários e difíceis condições de vida na cidade, era muito comum que a família inteira trabalhasse na indústria; e quanto maior fosse o número de filhos por casal, maior seria o rendimento médio da família. O surto demográfico, sem precedentes históricos, que se iniciou na Europa com a era industrial causou espanto nos estudiosos do assunto.

O Parlamento da Catalunha aprovou nesta quarta-feira (06.09.17) a convocação de um plebiscito para 1.^o de outubro de 2017, apesar de que o Tribunal Constitucional da Espanha deva derrubar a medida. A expectativa é de nova retaliação das autoridades centrais espanholas aos políticos catalães.

Era a manhã ensolarada do dia 1^o . de maio de 1980, e as pessoas que haviam chegado ao centro de São Bernardo para a comemoração da data se depararam com a cidade ocupada por 8 000 policiais armados, com ordens de impedir qualquer concentração.
É que aquele Dia do Trabalhador ocorria quando uma greve dos metalúrgicos da região alcançava já um mês de duração e levara o chefe do Serviço Nacional de Informação a prometer que dobraria a república de São Bernardo. O que poderia ter permanecido em dissídio salarial tornara-se um enfrentamento político que polarizava a sociedade. Movidos pela solidariedade à greve, formaram-se comitês de apoio em fábricas e bairros da Grande São Paulo. Pastorais da Igreja, parla mentares da oposição, Ordem dos Advogados, sindicatos, artistas, estudantes, jornalistas, professores assumiram a greve do ABC como expressão da luta democrática em curso.

A proclamação da República Popular da China em 1.^o de outubro de 1949 e a eleição do governo presidido por Mao Tsetung foram resultados da luta contra a ocupação da China por potências estrangeiras e contra o regionalismo que fortalecia os senhores de terra.
O movimento camponês, liderado por Mao Tsetung, sagrou-se vitorioso em outubro de 1949. Entretanto, as raízes desse movimento estão no século 19 e nas condições que se foram criando a partir da intervenção das potências estrangeiras, no início do século 20.

A imagem retrata um episódio de 1943, na cidade de Natal: a presença do presidente do Brasil, Getúlio Vargas, e do presidente dos Estados Unidos, Franklin Roosevelt.

O ano de 2016 completa o centenário da canção Pelo telefone, de Ernesto dos Santos, o Donga (1889/1974-RJ) e Maurício de Almeida (mais conhecido como Peru dos Pés Frios).
Parece que a motivação central da composição foi uma crítica bem-humorada ao chefe da polícia carioca que combatia os jogos de azar na cidade: por isso a letra original dizia O chefe da polícia/Pelo telefone/ Mandou avisar/ Que na Carioca/ Tem uma roleta/ Para se jogar. Porém, ao registrar a letra, Donga subtraiu a crítica à polícia e mudou para O chefe da folia. Esse autêntico quebra-cabeça melódico e poético teria sido organizado e recomposto pelo jornalista e carnavalesco Maurício de Almeida, o Peru dos Pés Frios, que ganhou coautoria da com posição. Além disso, o refrão da canção também foi tomado de conhecida canção folclórica (Olha a rolinha/Sinhô, sinhô/Se embaraçou/Sinhô, sinhô …).

Observe os dois mapas.

A partir da década de 1970, ganhou espaço a interpretação de que o imperialismo inglês foi a causa da Guerra do Paraguai, deflagrada em dezembro de 1864. Segundo essa vertente, o trono britânico teria utilizado o Império do Brasil, a Argentina e o Uruguai para destruir um suposto modelo de desenvolvimento paraguaio, industrializante, autônomo, que não se submetia aos mandos e desmandos da potência de então. Estudos desenvolvidos a partir da década de 1980, porém, revelam um panorama bastante distinto.

Na sua faceta mais radical, a Revolução Francesa pro - moveu uma certa redistribuição de terra, por meio de medidas como a venda dos bens nacionais. Entretanto, nesse processo de construção de uma ordem jurídica burguesa, o fim da escravidão não seria, no final das contas, incluído. A Declaração dos Direitos do Homem e do Cidadão de 1789 trazia, no seu artigo 1.^o , o princípio segundo o qual “os homens nascem e permanecem livres e iguais em direitos”. Mas a história revolucionária mostrou que essa fórmula clássica do liberalismo político foi capaz de gerar, de imediato, posturas contraditórias entre os diferentes atores históricos do período, que interpretavam os termos liberdade e igualdade à luz de suas próprias aspirações e interesses.

Foi pela espada que nossos ancestrais introduziram, na criação, o poder de cercar a terra e fazê-la sua propriedade; foram eles que primeiro mataram os seus próximos, os homens, para assim roubarem ou pilharem a terra que a esses pertencia e deixá-la a vós, seus descendentes. (...)
Eu vos exorto, soldados da República Inglesa! O inimigo não poderia vencer-vos no campo de batalha, porém pode derrotar-vos no campo da política se não estabelecem a liberdade para todos.
Onde existe um povo.... unido graças à propriedade coletiva dos meios de subsistência até formar uma só pessoa será o seu país o mais poderoso do mundo... a defesa da propriedade e do interesse individual divide o povo de um país e do mundo todo.

Como a sociedade do reino e as dos núcleos mais antigos de povoamento – a de Pernambuco, Bahia ou São Paulo – seguiam, em Minas, os princípios estamentais de estratificação, ou seja, pautavam-se pela honra, pela estima, pela preeminência social, pelo privilégio, pelo nascimento. A grande diferença é que, em Minas, o dinheiro podia comprar tanto quanto o nascimento, ou “corrigi-lo”, bem como a outros “defeitos” (...) Como rezava um ditado na época, “quem dinheiro tiver, fará o que quiser”.

A agromanufatura da cana resultaria em outro produto tão importante quanto o açúcar: a cachaça. Alambiques proliferaram ao longo dos séculos coloniais. A comercialização da bebida afetava profundamente a importação de vinhos de Portugal. Esse comércio era obrigatório, pois por meio dos tributos pagos pelas cotas do vinho importado é que a Coroa pagava as suas tropas na Colônia. A cachaça produzida aqui passou a concorrer com os vinhos, com vantagens econômicas e culturais. Essa concorrência comercial entre colônia e metrópole se estendeu para as praças negreiras e rotas de comercialização de escravos na África portuguesa. A cachaça brasileira, por ser a bebida preferida para os negócios de compra e venda de escravos africanos, colocou em grande desvantagem a comercialização dos vinhos portugueses remetidos à África. A longa queda de braço mercantil acabou favorecendo afinal a cachaça, porque sem ela, nada de escravos, nada de produção na Colônia, com consequências graves para a arrecadação do reino.

Os escravos provenientes da África chegaram à América espanhola junto com algumas das primeiras expedições. No primeiro e no segundo quartel do século XVI, vamos encontrá-los trabalhando no bateamento dos rios auríferos mais ricos e em outros locais de trabalho onde os lucros eram elevados ou não existia força de trabalho indígena, ou ambas as coisas. De modo geral, devido às distâncias e aos custos envolvidos, a aquisição e a manutenção dos escravos africanos eram mais onerosas que as dos índios de aldeia, e não havia aldeia agrícola autossuficiente à qual pudessem retornar na baixa temporada.

Aproveitando-se do reforço populacional e espiritual, os reinos cristãos acentuaram sua ofensiva contra os domínios muçulmanos. Em 1492, concluía-se a conquista da península, com a incorporação de Granada.
A reconquista representou, para os ibéricos, uma primeira expansão feudal. Caracterizou-se pela incorporação de novas terras, pelo crescimento demográfico, pelo desenvolvimento das cidades, das atividades mercantis e pela expansão cristã. No entanto, 1492 não se encerra em Granada. Meses depois, em outubro, Colombo daria continuidade à conquista material e espiritual. Do outro lado do Atlântico.

Este documento, do século XIV, encontra-se nos arquivos de Assize, na ilha de Ely, na Inglaterra: Adam Clymne foi preso como insurgente e traidor de seu juramento e porque traiçoeiramente com outros celebrou uma insurreição em Ely. Penetrando na casa de Thomas Somenour onde se apossou de diversos documentos e papéis selados. E ainda, que o mesmo Adam no momento da insurreição, estava andando armado e oferecendo armas, levando um estandarte, para reunir insurgentes, ordenando que nenhum homem de qualquer condição, livre ou não, deveria obedecer ao senhor e prestar os serviços habituais, sob pena de degola.
O acima mencionado Adam é culpado de todas as acusações. Pela ordem da justiça, o mesmo Adam foi levado e enforcado.

O cristianismo foi difundido nos territórios da Núbia, a partir do século IV, por meio da língua copta, que passou a ser língua-matriz religiosa de um cristianismo africano, que diferia da versão oficial romana, e depois da versão bizantina. Essa versão do cristianismo que se afirmou ao longo dos séculos num processo intricado de amálgamas entre a doutrina monofisita e os costumes das religiões tradicionais da África negra.
A igreja axumita (e, depois, a igreja etíope) adotou para si o calendário e o rito litúrgico copta, retirado do modelo praticado pelo clero de Alexandria. Havia costumes, como as danças e os tambores, os sacrifícios de cabras e, nos primeiros tempos, a admissão da poligamia. Além disso, havia a distinção entre o consumo de carne pura e impura, a proibição das mulheres de entrarem nos templos no dia seguinte ao que tiveram relações sexuais e a observação do sábado e não do domingo como dia consagrado.

A vida privada dos escravos romanos à época do Império é um espetáculo pueril que se olha com desdém. No entanto, esses homens tinham vida própria; por exemplo, participavam da religião, e não apenas da religião do lar que, afinal, era o seu: fora de casa, um escravo podia perfeitamente ser aceito como sacerdote pelos fiéis de alguma devoção coletiva; podia também se tornar padre dessa Igreja cristã que nem por um momento pensou em abolir a escravidão. Paganismo ou cristianismo, é possível que as coisas religiosas os tenham atraído muito, pois bem poucos outros setores estavam abertos para eles. Os escravos também se apaixonavam pelos espetáculos públicos do teatro, do circo e da arena, pois, nos dias de festa, tinham folga, assim como os tribunais, as crianças das escolas e... os burros de carga.

As bactérias constituem o grupo de seres vivos celulares mais numeroso em nosso planeta e afetam, positiva e negativamente, a qualidade de vida das pessoas em qualquer ambiente, como, por exemplo, nesse último caso, as inúmeras patogenias bacterianas.

A opção por uma dieta excludente de qualquer produto de origem animal é totalmente possível, porém, implica em uma reeducação alimentar cujo objetivo é manter a fisiologia do organismo o mais equilibrada possível, e, assim,

Especiação é o processo evolutivo que, no decorrer de milhares de anos, resulta na formação de novas espécies biológicas.

O cladograma ilustra as relações filogenéticas dos animais vertebrados.

1. A tecnologia para modificar geneticamente o mosquito Aedes aegypti utiliza dois genes: o primeiro, chamado tVAN, aumenta a produção de uma proteína na larva que, quando acumulada, morre antes de virar mosquito. O outro é o DisRed2, que permite identificar os insetos modificados usando uma luz específica, de modo que se consiga diferenciá-los dos mosquitos selvagens.

2. A fábrica tem capacidade de produzir 60 milhões de mosquitos por semana, e funciona como um grande criadouro. Tem uma área para a produção de ovos que serão modificados geneticamente. Esses ovos passam por etapa de eclosão, viram larvas, formam casulos até chegarem à fase de mosquito. Em todas essas etapas, eles são alimentados. O processo dura cerca de 14 dias, quando apenas os mosquitos machos são, enfim, liberados.

O padrão genético da cor da pelagem na raça bovina Shorthorn é um exemplo de codominância cujos dois alelos autossômicos envolvidos na pigmentação do pelo se manifestam no heterozigoto, denominado ruão. Os homozigotos apresentam a cor da pelagem vermelha ou branca.

Atualmente, a prática da compostagem doméstica com a utilização de minhocas vem se expandindo, tanto por maior conscientização, como também por campanhas promovidas por organizações governamentais e não governamentais.

O princípio da exclusão competitiva, também conhecido como princípio de Gause, discorre sobre a exploração de recursos ambientais por indivíduos ou populações de espécies diferentes, integrantes de uma mesma comunidade biológica.
Tal princípio foi demonstrado por meio de experimentos que promoveram o cultivo, isolada e separadamente, de duas populações de paramécios, protozoários unicelulares.

Pesquisadores conseguiram cultivar embriões humanos em laboratório até o estágio de dez dias, momento da formação do epiblasto, uma aglomeração bem pequena de células que formarão a cavidade amniótica, enquanto as células, ao seu redor, se encarregarão da criação da placenta e do saco vitelínico.

A figura ilustra, parcial e simplificadamente, o mecanismo imunológico do ser humano.

Arroz, cana-de-açúcar, milho, trigo, aveia e cevada são culturas agrícolas extremamente importantes na produção de alimentos para o ser humano e são todos exemplos de vegetais pertencentes ao grupo das gramíneas, família botânica Poaceae.

A figura indica, em porcentagens relativas, o fluxograma correspondente à energia solar que atinge um vegetal.

A figura ilustra a prófase do processo de divisão celular.

O diagrama em roda contém todas as combinações possíveis referentes aos códons do RNA mensageiro utilizados no processo de tradução.

As células procariontes e as células eucariontes diferenciam-se e assemelham-se em diversos aspectos, como, por exemplo, quanto à presença de membranas internas, constituindo as organelas e o envoltório nuclear, e quanto à constituição dos envoltórios membranosos.

Duas pessoas combinaram de se encontrar entre 12h00 e 13h00. Elas também combinaram de esperar até 20 minutos pela outra pessoa depois de chegar ao local do encontro. Assumindo que os horários de chegada ao local de encontro são uniformemente distribuídos no intervalo de uma hora, que vai das 12h00 às 13h00,

Um trapézio é delimitado pelos eixos x e y do plano cartesiano e pelas retas de equações y = 2x + 1 e x = 4.

A solução gráfica do sistema de inequações

Considere o sistema de inequações dado por:

Existe quantidade ilimitada de bolas de três cores diferentes (branca, preta, azul) em um depósito, sendo que as bolas se diferenciam apenas pela cor. Oito dessas bolas serão colocadas em uma caixa.

A figura indica um hexágono regular ABCDEF, de área S₁, e um hexágono regular GHIJKL, de vértices nos pontos médios dos apótemas do hexágono ABCDEF e área S₂.

Uma caixa contém 100 bolas de mesmo formato, peso e textura, sendo algumas brancas e outras pretas. Sorteando-se ao acaso, e com reposição, uma bola duas vezes, a pro babilidade de que em ambos os sorteios saia uma bola preta é igual a

As funções logarítmicas f, g, h, p são dadas por f(x) = 10 + log x, g(x) = 10log x, h(x) = log(10x) e p(x) = log(x + 10). Observe os gráficos a seguir:

Um triângulo isósceles ABC, com AB = AC = 1, é tal que cada ângulo da base BC mede o dobro do ângulo de vértice A.

Sobre a face quadrada BCHG do paralelepípedo retoretângulo ABCDEFGH foram traçados GQ e HP, intersectando-se em J, com P e Q dividindo BC em três segmentos congruentes tais que BP = PQ = QC. Sabe-se ainda que HE = 8 cm e que GJHEFI é um prisma reto de volume 81 cm³..

Observe o gráfico de uma função trigonométrica cosseno, dada pela expressão f(x) = m + ncos(2x), sendo m, n e p números reais, com ponto de mínimo em x = p, que é a abscissa do ponto Q.

Sejam m e n números reais e

Sabe-se da trigonometria que sen² θ + cos² θ = 1. Um triângulo ABC possui coordenadas A(–6, 0), B(6, 0), C(6 cosθ, 6 senθ), com θ ∈ IR e sen θ ≠ 0.

Seja ABCD um paralelogramo e AP , BQ, CR e DS segmen tos contidos em retas paralelas entre si, localizados do mesmo lado do plano que contém o paralelogramo ABCD. Sabe-se que AP = 10, BQ = 8, CR = 18, DS = 22, T é ponto de intersecção entre AC e BD, e que M e N são, respectivamente, pontos médios de PR e QS, como mostra a figura.

Seja A = (a_ij)₂₂ uma matriz tal que a_ij

O produto do quadrado das potências de dois que vão, em sequência aritmética, de 2 até x é igual a y, o que se traduz por meio da igualdade 2² . 4² . 8² · 16² . 32². ... . x² = y, com x e y sendo números naturais.

Um telhado retangular ABCD tem área igual a 120 m² e está conectado a uma calha de escoamento de água da chuva. A calha tem a forma de um semicilindro reto, de diâmetro AF = DE = 0,4 m e capacidade igual a 720 litros.

A figura indica três cartas, A, B e C, cada uma com um número inteiro positivo no verso.

A figura representa uma semicircunferência de diâmetro CD, perfeitamente inscrita no retângulo ABCD. Sabe-se que P é um ponto de AB, e que AP é diâmetro da circunferência que tangencia a semicircunferência maior em T.

Uma aplicação financeira de C reais à taxa mensal de juros compostos de x% é resgatada depois de 8 meses no montante igual a C₈ reais. Sendo assim,

Os termos de uma sequência são definidos recursivamente

Dados, em um plano α, uma reta d e um ponto F fora dela, a parábola é o lugar geométrico dos pontos de α equidistantes de d e de F.

O valor do número real b para o qual a igualdade

O polinômio P(x) = 6x² – 5x + k, em que k é uma constante real, tem 3x – 4 como um de seus fatores.

A equação quadrática x² – 2x + c = 0, em que c é uma constante real, tem como raízes x₁ e x₂

Rita compra bijuterias para revender. Em julho, ela comprou 3 pulseiras iguais e 10 colares iguais, pagando, no total, R$ 87,00. Em agosto, ela comprou 10 das mesmas pulseiras, com desconto de 10%, e 25 dos mesmos colares, com acréscimo de 10%, gastando, nessa compra, R$ 243,00.

Sendo m e n números reais, a operação m☆n é definida como sendo igual a 2-m-n. Observe dois exemplos de uso dessa simbologia:

Na figura, apresenta-se um biodigestor utilizado em áreas rurais. Ele é totalmente vedado, criando um ambiente anaeróbio onde os microrganismos degradam o material orgânico (dejetos e restos de ração), transformando-o em biogás. O gasômetro é o compartimento superior do biodigestor e serve para a armazenagem de gases. Ele é inflável e feito de uma manta de material plástico impermeável (PVC). No gasômetro, a pressão e a temperatura são constantemente iguais às da atmosfera.

Observe os gráficos das funções reais f e g, definidas por f(x) = 2^{sen x} e g(x) = 4^{cos x}.

As tomografias computadorizadas envolvem sobreposição de imagens e, em algumas situações, é necessário conhecer a área da região de intersecção das imagens sobrepostas. Na figura, um triângulo equilátero ABC se sobrepõe a um círculo de centro N e raio NB = NC = NM, com M e N sendo pontos médios, respectivamente, de

Um granjeiro tem estoque de ração para alimentar 420 galinhas por 80 dias. Depois de x dias de uso desse estoque, o granjeiro vendeu 70 das 420 galinhas. Com a venda, o restante do estoque de ração durou 12 dias a mais do que esse restante de ração duraria se ele não tivesse vendido as galinhas.

Sabendo-se que uma das raízes da equação algébrica 2x³ – 3x² – 72x – 35 = 0 é , a soma das outras duas raízes é igual a

Lucas possui 6 livros diferentes e Milton possui 8 revistas diferentes. Os dois pretendem fazer uma troca de 3 livros por 3 revistas.

As figuras indicam uma sequência de empilhamentos de cubos de 1 cm³. Da primeira pilha em diante, os volumes das pilhas, em cm³, são iguais a 1, 5, 14, 30, 55, e assim sucessivamente.

Sendo x um número inteiro, a mediana do conjunto {3, 7, 2, –3, 13, 9, –1, x} de oito números é igual a 7/2.

Um animal, submetido à ação de uma droga experimental, teve sua massa corporal registrada nos sete primeiros meses de vida. Os sete pontos destacados no gráfico mostram esses registros e a reta indica a tendência de evolução da massa corporal em animais que não tenham sido submetidos à ação da droga experimental. Sabe-se que houve correlação perfeita entre os registros coletados no experimento e a reta apenas no 1.° e no 3.° mês.

A figura indica um prisma reto triangular e uma pirâmide regular de base quadrada. A altura desses sólidos, em relação ao plano em que ambos estão apoiados, é igual a 4 cm, como indicam as figuras.

Em 2016, um determinado país teve T casos de cânceres em homens, dos quais 64% correspondiam aos dez tipos mais frequentes. Sabe-se que 30% dos dez tipos mais frequentes correspondiam ao câncer de próstata, que totalizaram, naquele ano, 60 000 casos.

Quando um gerador de força eletromotriz 12 V é ligado a um resistor R de resistência 5,8 Ω, uma corrente elétrica i de intensidade 2,0 A circula pelo circuito.

A figura representa um elétron atravessando uma região onde existe um campo elétrico. O elétron entrou nessa região pelo ponto X e saiu pelo ponto Y, em trajetória retilínea.

A tabela mostra a classificação das ondas eletromagnéticas em função das suas frequências.

Um objeto luminoso encontra-se a 40 cm de uma parede e a 20 cm de um espelho côncavo, que projeta na parede uma imagem nítida do objeto, como mostra a figura.

Certa massa de gás ideal sofre a transformação cíclica 1-2-3-4-5-1 representada no diagrama de pressão (P) e volume (V).

Em um recipiente de capacidade térmica desprezível, 300 g de água, inicialmente a 20 ºC, foram aquecidos. Após 2,0 minutos, quando a temperatura da água era 40 ºC, mais 300 g de água a 20 ºC foram adicionados ao recipiente.