2018

Já no artigo 1.^o, a Lei n.^o 601/1 850 determinava: “ficam proibidas as aquisições de terras devolutas por outro título que não seja o de compra”. No artigo 3.o, inciso IV, definia: “são terras devolutas: [...] as que não se acharem ocupadas por posse que, apesar de não se fundarem em título legal, foram legitimadas por esta Lei”.

As regras de formação de uma senha de 8 espaços são:
1. O primeiro espaço tem que ser uma letra do alfabeto.
2. Conter pelo menos um espaço com algarismo.
3. Conter pelo menos um dos caracteres especiais @, #, $, %, &.
4. Qualquer letra do alfabeto pode ser usada em maiúscula ou minúscula.

No triângulo retângulo FGV, indicado na figura, FV = 12, FG = 5 e os arcos de circunferência FE e CF possuem centros em V e G, respectivamente.

Leia o texto.

Feijoada, couve e laranja

Tanto a feijoada como a couve ___________ em ferro, que pode ser ___________ absorvido quando aliado ___________  uma fruta rica em vitamina C, como é o caso da laranja. Portanto, essa combinação pode ser perfeita para quem tem anemia ou precisa melhorar ___________ ingestão de ferro no organismo. A ingestão recomendada de ferro é de 10 mg (homens) e 15 mg (mulheres) por dia. Três colheres de sopa de feijão, por exemplo, têm cerca de 3,0 mg de ferro.

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O século 20, com suas guerras mundiais e os conflitos que semearam, deixou muitas cicatrizes sobre a face da Terra. Entre elas, o famigerado Muro de Berlim, cuja demolição marcou o fim da Guerra Fria e o suposto final da história.
A história não termina, contudo. Novos e gigantescos muros continuam a ser erguidos, com alturas e extensões suficientes para deixar na sombra a barreira à liberdade erguida na capital alemã, que existiu por 28 anos.
A proliferação desses obstáculos a apartar pessoas e comunidades motivou a série de reportagens da Folha “Um Mundo de Muros”.
O Brasil tem os seus, desde sempre para manter a distância entre ricos e pobres – como o que impede a visão da miséria e do esgoto a céu aberto da Vila Esperança, em Cubatão/SP, a quem trafega pela via Imigrantes.
Nada diverso dos 10 km do Muro da Vergonha que apartam, na capital peruana, a esquálida comunidade de Pamplona Alta do afluente bairro Casuarinas, outro retrato desolador.
São situações, problemas e conflitos muito díspares, contra os quais se erguem barreiras que evocam o pior do século passado.

(Folha de S.Paulo, 10.09.2017. Adaptado)

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O século 20, com suas guerras mundiais e os conflitos que semearam, deixou muitas cicatrizes sobre a face da Terra. Entre elas, o famigerado Muro de Berlim, cuja demolição marcou o fim da Guerra Fria e o suposto final da história.
A história não termina, contudo. Novos e gigantescos muros continuam a ser erguidos, com alturas e extensões suficientes para deixar na sombra a barreira à liberdade erguida na capital alemã, que existiu por 28 anos.
A proliferação desses obstáculos a apartar pessoas e comunidades motivou a série de reportagens da Folha “Um Mundo de Muros”.
O Brasil tem os seus, desde sempre para manter a distância entre ricos e pobres – como o que impede a visão da miséria e do esgoto a céu aberto da Vila Esperança, em Cubatão/SP, a quem trafega pela via Imigrantes.
Nada diverso dos 10 km do Muro da Vergonha que apartam, na capital peruana, a esquálida comunidade de Pamplona Alta do afluente bairro Casuarinas, outro retrato desolador.
São situações, problemas e conflitos muito díspares, contra os quais se erguem barreiras que evocam o pior do século passado.

(Folha de S.Paulo, 10.09.2017. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder a questão

O século 20, com suas guerras mundiais e os conflitos que semearam, deixou muitas cicatrizes sobre a face da Terra. Entre elas, o famigerado Muro de Berlim, cuja demolição marcou o fim da Guerra Fria e o suposto final da história.
A história não termina, contudo. Novos e gigantescos muros continuam a ser erguidos, com alturas e extensões suficientes para deixar na sombra a barreira à liberdade erguida na capital alemã, que existiu por 28 anos.
A proliferação desses obstáculos a apartar pessoas e comunidades motivou a série de reportagens da Folha “Um Mundo de Muros”.
O Brasil tem os seus, desde sempre para manter a distância entre ricos e pobres – como o que impede a visão da miséria e do esgoto a céu aberto da Vila Esperança, em Cubatão/SP, a quem trafega pela via Imigrantes.
Nada diverso dos 10 km do Muro da Vergonha que apartam, na capital peruana, a esquálida comunidade de Pamplona Alta do afluente bairro Casuarinas, outro retrato desolador.
São situações, problemas e conflitos muito díspares, contra os quais se erguem barreiras que evocam o pior do século passado.

(Folha de S.Paulo, 10.09.2017. Adaptado)

Leia o madrigal de Silva Alvarenga para responder a questão.

Voai, suspiros tristes;
Dizei à bela Glaura o que eu padeço,
Dizei o que em mim vistes,
Que choro, que me abraso, que esmoreço.
Levai em roxas flores convertidos
Lagrimosos gemidos que me ouvistes:
Voai, suspiros tristes;
Levai minha saudade;
E, se amor ou piedade vos mereço,
Dizei à bela Glaura o que eu padeço.

(Silva Alvarenga, Glaura)

Leia o madrigal de Silva Alvarenga para responder a questão.

Voai, suspiros tristes;
Dizei à bela Glaura o que eu padeço,
Dizei o que em mim vistes,
Que choro, que me abraso, que esmoreço.
Levai em roxas flores convertidos
Lagrimosos gemidos que me ouvistes:
Voai, suspiros tristes;
Levai minha saudade;
E, se amor ou piedade vos mereço,
Dizei à bela Glaura o que eu padeço.

(Silva Alvarenga, Glaura)

Com base nas regras atuais de acentuação da língua,

Leia o texto para responder a questão

O Supremo Tribunal Federal mostrou na semana passada que há focos de _________ em Brasília. Ministros e juízes podem merecer melhores salários, mas ficar sem reajuste neste momento é apenas uma bela demonstração de bom _________. Afinal, as contas públicas não fecham, recursos para hospitais e escolas, o governo estuda aumentar impostos e o desemprego atinge 13,5 milhões de brasileiros. Os ministros, diante desse cenário dantesco, deram sua cota de sacrifício. Nesse espírito, a presidente do Supremo encaminhou seu voto. Disse ela: “Nunca vi, nos meus quase quarenta anos de serviço público, um momento de tamanha gravidade _________”.

(Veja, 16.08.2017. Adaptado)

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O Supremo Tribunal Federal mostrou na semana passada que há focos de _________ em Brasília. Ministros e juízes podem merecer melhores salários, mas ficar sem reajuste neste momento é apenas uma bela demonstração de bom _________. Afinal, as contas públicas não fecham, recursos para hospitais e escolas, o governo estuda aumentar impostos e o desemprego atinge 13,5 milhões de brasileiros. Os ministros, diante desse cenário dantesco, deram sua cota de sacrifício. Nesse espírito, a presidente do Supremo encaminhou seu voto. Disse ela: “Nunca vi, nos meus quase quarenta anos de serviço público, um momento de tamanha gravidade _________”.

(Veja, 16.08.2017. Adaptado)

Leia a charge.

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Basta ligar a TV ou abrir uma revista para ver quanto a publicidade é obcecada pelos millennials, a geração que tem entre 20 e 34 anos. Os atores são jovens, usam barba, andam de bicicleta, lambreta ou Kombi. Os filmes são editados com cortes bruscos, e a trilha sonora é recheada de bandas hipsters. A obsessão é tão grande que os resultados chegam a formar uma caricatura dos jovens.
Enquanto isso, a geração X, que tem de fato poder e dinheiro e influencia o consumo de outras gerações, vêse sub-representada. No máximo, as pessoas que têm entre 35 e 54 anos são representadas... com barbas e andando de bicicleta, lambreta ou Kombi. Duas pesquisas inéditas comprovam este fato: a publicidade não está conversando com seu melhor público.

(Exame, 02.08.2017)

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Basta ligar a TV ou abrir uma revista para ver quanto a publicidade é obcecada pelos millennials, a geração que tem entre 20 e 34 anos. Os atores são jovens, usam barba, andam de bicicleta, lambreta ou Kombi. Os filmes são editados com cortes bruscos, e a trilha sonora é recheada de bandas hipsters. A obsessão é tão grande que os resultados chegam a formar uma caricatura dos jovens.
Enquanto isso, a geração X, que tem de fato poder e dinheiro e influencia o consumo de outras gerações, vêse sub-representada. No máximo, as pessoas que têm entre 35 e 54 anos são representadas... com barbas e andando de bicicleta, lambreta ou Kombi. Duas pesquisas inéditas comprovam este fato: a publicidade não está conversando com seu melhor público.

(Exame, 02.08.2017)

Leia o texto para responder a questão

Basta ligar a TV ou abrir uma revista para ver quanto a publicidade é obcecada pelos millennials, a geração que tem entre 20 e 34 anos. Os atores são jovens, usam barba, andam de bicicleta, lambreta ou Kombi. Os filmes são editados com cortes bruscos, e a trilha sonora é recheada de bandas hipsters. A obsessão é tão grande que os resultados chegam a formar uma caricatura dos jovens.
Enquanto isso, a geração X, que tem de fato poder e dinheiro e influencia o consumo de outras gerações, vêse sub-representada. No máximo, as pessoas que têm entre 35 e 54 anos são representadas... com barbas e andando de bicicleta, lambreta ou Kombi. Duas pesquisas inéditas comprovam este fato: a publicidade não está conversando com seu melhor público.

(Exame, 02.08.2017)

Leia o texto para responder a questão

Basta ligar a TV ou abrir uma revista para ver quanto a publicidade é obcecada pelos millennials, a geração que tem entre 20 e 34 anos. Os atores são jovens, usam barba, andam de bicicleta, lambreta ou Kombi. Os filmes são editados com cortes bruscos, e a trilha sonora é recheada de bandas hipsters. A obsessão é tão grande que os resultados chegam a formar uma caricatura dos jovens.
Enquanto isso, a geração X, que tem de fato poder e dinheiro e influencia o consumo de outras gerações, vêse sub-representada. No máximo, as pessoas que têm entre 35 e 54 anos são representadas... com barbas e andando de bicicleta, lambreta ou Kombi. Duas pesquisas inéditas comprovam este fato: a publicidade não está conversando com seu melhor público.

(Exame, 02.08.2017)

Leia a tira.

Na equação, representa-se a reação da interação da molécula orgânica, substância I, com o hidrogenocarbonato de sódio em meio aquoso.

O dipeptídeo representado pela fórmula

Diante da crescente preocupação mundial com as mudanças do clima global — em especial o aquecimento do planeta —, as emissões de gases de efeito estufa se tornam uma questão cada vez mais relevante. Em comparação com o resto do mundo, o Brasil tem se destacado por apresentar reduzidos índices de emissão de gases em sua produção de energia, o que se deve basicamente à elevada participação de fontes renováveis na oferta energética interna.

O radioisótopo tálio-204, ²⁰⁴Tl, decai por dois processos. Pelo processo I, esse radioisótopo decai por emissão de radiação beta negativa. Pelo processo II, decai por captura eletrônica, em que um elétron da nuvem eletrônica do tálio-204 se combina com um próton de seu núcleo resultando em um nêutron.

Uma substância gasosa X, massa molar 32 g/mol, apresenta densidade igual a 2,0 g/L a uma certa condição de temperatura e pressão. Nessas mesmas condições de temperatura e pressão, uma outra substância gasosa Y tem densidade igual a 3,0 g/L.

Uma resolução do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil regulamenta que o limite máximo da quantidade de ácido fosfórico, H₃PO₄, em bebidas refrigerantes é 0,07 g/100 mL. De acordo com essa regulamentação, a concentração máxima de ácido fosfórico, em mol/L, nos refrigerantes é,

O sulfato de potássio, K₂SO₄, empregado na composição de fertilizantes, pode ser produzido a partir da reação química representada na equação:

O iodeto de hidrogênio, HI, é uma substância gasosa empregada em sínteses orgânicas. Uma das rotas de obtenção do HI pode ser feita, em um sistema fechado, por meio da reação do hidrogênio e do iodo como representado na equação

Em um experimento de química, são realizadas duas reações, I e II, empregando-se os mesmos reagentes nas mesmas condições de temperatura e pressão. Essas reações ocorrem em uma única etapa.

Uma bateria de recarga ultrarrápida foi desenvolvida por pesquisadores da Universidade Stanford. Ela emprega eletrodos de alumínio e de grafite; e, como eletrólito, um sal orgânico que é líquido na temperatura ambiente, cloreto de 1-etil-3-metilimidazolio, representado pela fórmula [EMIm]Cl.
Durante as reações, o alumínio metálico forma espécies complexas com o ânion cloreto, AlCl ₄ ^– e Al ₂Cl ₇ ^– . Nos demais aspectos, a operação da bateria segue o comportamento usual de uma pilha.

Um esquema de sua operação é representado na figura.

Foram preparadas quatro soluções aquosas saturadas a 60 °C, contendo cada uma delas 100 g de água e um dos sais: iodeto de potássio, KI, nitrato de potássio, KNO₃, nitrato de sódio, NaNO₃, e cloreto de sódio, NaCl.
Na figura, são representadas as curvas de solubilidade desses sais:

Os resultados das análises de pH a 20°C de amostras de duas marcas brasileiras distintas de água mineral são indicados no quadro.

Considere também que essas duas amostras podem estar gaseificadas com CO₂, cujo equilíbrio químico em meio aquoso é representado na equação

O gráfico apresenta a variação da temperatura de uma substância durante aquecimento sob pressão constante.

O elemento sódio combina-se com os elementos hidrogênio e oxigênio, resultando em compostos químicos distintos. Três diferentes compostos de sódio foram submetidos a três processos químicos, representados nas equações:

Uma substância sólida cristalina em temperatura e pressão ambiente foi submetida a alguns testes em laboratório químico. A substância se solubilizou em água, e a sua solução aquosa não conduziu corrente elétrica. Os testes de aquecimento para medida do seu ponto de fusão foram insatisfatórios, pois a substância, em recipiente aberto, fundiu e se transformou quimicamente, formando um resíduo sólido preto insolúvel em água.

Se o solenoide for substituído por outro, de comprimento duas vezes maior e com o dobro do número de espiras, mas apresentando a mesma resistência elétrica, o campo magnético no interior do novo solenoide, gerado pela corrente elétrica, terá sua intensidade,

A figura e o texto a seguir referem-se a questão

A figura representa um circuito em que consta um gerador de corrente contínua de força eletromotriz 24 V e resistência interna de 2,0 Ω. O gerador alimenta uma associação em paralelo de um resistor ôhmico de 10 Ω e um solenoide com certos comprimento e número de espiras, com resistência ôhmica de 15 Ω.

A gaiola de Faraday é um curioso dispositivo que serve para comprovar o comportamento das cargas elétricas em equilíbrio. A pessoa em seu interior não sofre descarga.

As figuras 1 e 2 representam a mesma corda de um instrumento musical percutida pelo músico e vibrando em situação estacionária.

São dados os índices de refração absolutos (n) dos seguintes meios ópticos: n_ar = 1,0, n_água = 1,3, n_vidro c = 1,5, n_{vidro p} = 1,8. Um raio de luz monocromática foi emitido sobre um sistema óptico formado por 3 desses meios, obtendo-se a configuração seguinte. I e II são dióptros planos, que separam os meios A de B e B de C, respectivamente.

Estamos passando por uma fase de grande evolução tecnológica. O aperfeiçoamento das máquinas e motores é evidente e, dentro em breve, o motor térmico será considerado peça de museu. Considere, no entanto, um motor térmico que realiza um ciclo representado qualitativamente pelo gráfico da pressão (p) versus volume (V) da figura, em que sua frequência de giro é f.

A figura representa uma montagem experimental em que um béquer, contendo água à temperatura ambiente, é colocado no interior de uma campânula de vidro trans - parente, dotada de um orifício em sua cúpula, por onde passa uma mangueira ligada a uma bomba de vácuo. A bomba é ligada, e o ar vai sendo, gradualmente, retirado do interior da campânula.

A figura mostra o esquema de uma curiosa balança de dois braços em que cada braço é feito de um material de coeficiente de dilatação linear diferente do coeficiente de dilatação linear do outro. O peso dos braços é desprezível comparado ao dos corpos A e B. O material em que se encontra pendurado o corpo A tem coeficiente de dilatação linear maior do que aquele em que se encontra o corpo B. A temperatura reinante é baixa, típica de uma madrugada de inverno, e observa-se o equilíbrio estático na direção horizontal com o corpo A mais distante do ponto de apoio P do que o corpo B.

Uma pessoa mergulhou na água do mar gelado de uma praia argentina e desceu até determinada profundidade. Algum tempo depois, ela teve a oportunidade de mergulhar à mesma profundidade na tépida água de uma praia caribenha.

O texto e a figura a seguir referem-se a questão

Têm sido corriqueiras as notícias relatando acidentes envolvendo veículos de todos os tipos nas ruas e estradas brasileiras. A maioria dos acidentes são causados por falhas humanas, nas quais os condutores negligenciam as normas de boa conduta. A situação seguinte é uma simulação de um evento desse tipo.

O motorista de um automóvel, de massa m, perdeu o controle do veículo ao passar pelo ponto A, deslizando, sem atrito, pela ladeira retilínea AB, de 200 m de extensão; o ponto A está situado 25 m acima da pista seguinte BC retilínea e horizontal. Ao passar pelo ponto B, a velocidade do carro era de 108 km/h. O trecho BC, sendo mais rugoso que o anterior, fez com que o atrito reduzisse a velocidade do carro para 72 km/h, quando, então, ocorreu a colisão com outro veículo, de massa 4m, que estava parado no ponto C, a 100 m de B. A colisão frontal foi totalmente inelástica. Considere a aceleração da gravidade com o valor 10 m/s² e os veículos como pontos materiais.

O texto e a figura a seguir referem-se a questão

Têm sido corriqueiras as notícias relatando acidentes envolvendo veículos de todos os tipos nas ruas e estradas brasileiras. A maioria dos acidentes são causados por falhas humanas, nas quais os condutores negligenciam as normas de boa conduta. A situação seguinte é uma simulação de um evento desse tipo.

O motorista de um automóvel, de massa m, perdeu o controle do veículo ao passar pelo ponto A, deslizando, sem atrito, pela ladeira retilínea AB, de 200 m de extensão; o ponto A está situado 25 m acima da pista seguinte BC retilínea e horizontal. Ao passar pelo ponto B, a velocidade do carro era de 108 km/h. O trecho BC, sendo mais rugoso que o anterior, fez com que o atrito reduzisse a velocidade do carro para 72 km/h, quando, então, ocorreu a colisão com outro veículo, de massa 4m, que estava parado no ponto C, a 100 m de B. A colisão frontal foi totalmente inelástica. Considere a aceleração da gravidade com o valor 10 m/s² e os veículos como pontos materiais.

O texto e a figura a seguir referem-se a questão

Têm sido corriqueiras as notícias relatando acidentes envolvendo veículos de todos os tipos nas ruas e estradas brasileiras. A maioria dos acidentes são causados por falhas humanas, nas quais os condutores negligenciam as normas de boa conduta. A situação seguinte é uma simulação de um evento desse tipo.

O motorista de um automóvel, de massa m, perdeu o controle do veículo ao passar pelo ponto A, deslizando, sem atrito, pela ladeira retilínea AB, de 200 m de extensão; o ponto A está situado 25 m acima da pista seguinte BC retilínea e horizontal. Ao passar pelo ponto B, a velocidade do carro era de 108 km/h. O trecho BC, sendo mais rugoso que o anterior, fez com que o atrito reduzisse a velocidade do carro para 72 km/h, quando, então, ocorreu a colisão com outro veículo, de massa 4m, que estava parado no ponto C, a 100 m de B. A colisão frontal foi totalmente inelástica. Considere a aceleração da gravidade com o valor 10 m/s² e os veículos como pontos materiais.

Os avanços tecnológicos que a ciência experimentou nos últimos tempos nos permitem pensar que, dentro em breve, seres humanos viajarão pelo espaço sideral a velocidades significativas, se comparadas com a velocidade da luz no vácuo.

A figura ilustra um tubo cilíndrico contendo óleo de cozinha em seu interior e uma trena para graduar a altura da quantidade de óleo. A montagem tem como finalidade o estudo do movimento retilíneo de uma gota de água dentro do óleo. Da seringa, é abandonada, do repouso e bem próxima da superfície livre do óleo, uma gota de água que vai descer pelo óleo. As posições ocupadas pela gota, em função do tempo, são anotadas na tabela, e o marco zero da trajetória da gota é admitido junto à superfície livre do óleo.

Para efeito de análise dimensional das grandezas físicas, são consideradas como fundamentais, no Sistema Internacional de unidades (SI), a massa [M ], o comprimento [L] e o tempo [T]. Ao se estudar o comportamento dos elétrons no efeito fotoelétrico, a expressão E_c = h.f – U_o é a que relaciona a energia cinética máxima de emissão (E_c) com a função trabalho (U_o), com a frequência da radiação incidente (f) e a constante de Planck (h).

Leia o texto para responder a questão

Why the world’s best footballers are cheaper than they seem

August 12, 2017
For football clubs, August is often the costliest month, when they make vast bids for each other’s players. This year has been particularly lavish. On August 3rd Paris SaintGermain (PSG), a French team, signed Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior, a Brazilian forward, from Barcelona for €222m ($264m), more than twice the prior record price for a footballer.
With three weeks of the transfer “window” left, teams in Europe’s “big five” leagues — the top divisions in England, Spain, Germany, Italy and France — have paid €3.2bn, just short of the record of €3.4bn set last year. The €179m splurged by Manchester City, an English club, on defenders outstrips 47 countries’ defence budgets. Arsène Wenger, a veteran manager of Arsenal, a London team, and an economics graduate, describes the modern transfer market as “beyond calculation and beyond rationality”.

Neymar, as he is known, will cost PSG’s owners, a branch of Qatar’s sovereign-wealth fund, about €500m over five years. In the betting markets, his arrival has boosted PSG’s implied chances of winning the Champions League, Europe’s most coveted club competition — but only from around 5.5% to about 9%. And prize money and ticket sales alone struggle to generate enough revenue to recoup such an outlay.
That does not make Neymar a bad investment. The goals he scores may matter less than the gloss he lends to the club’s brand and the sponsors he will lure. He earns more from endorsements than any footballer except Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. Some 59% of PSG’s revenue of €520m last year was commercial (that is, other than ticket sales and broadcasting fees), more than any other club in the big five leagues. Neymar has more followers on Instagram, a social network, than does Nike, his main sponsor and the provider of PSG’s kit, for which privilege it pays €24m a year. Neymar’s popularity will help PSG when this deal is renegotiated. Nike has already agreed to pay Barcelona €155m a season from 2018.
PSG’s owners are confident of breaking even, though they could afford a loss. Qatar has been spending €420m a week preparing for the 2022 World Cup, and the signing of Neymar is a message that the otherwise embattled country remains strong and rich. The danger is to PSG, since under “financial fair play” rules, teams are punished if they fail to limit their losses. In 2014 the club was fined for violating these. Another failure to balance the books could mean a ban from the Champions League.
Such spending caps irk billionaire owners, but they have helped prevent the inflation of a transfer-fee bubble. The rapid rise is a result of European football’s expanding fan base. In the English Premier League, football’s richest, average net spending on players per club has stayed roughly constant, hovering at around 15% of revenue since the 1990s, according to the 21st Club, a football consultancy.
As long as clubs’ revenues keep growing, the transfer boom is likely to persist. Broadcasting revenue, the game’s first big injection of cash in the 1990s, has become, in the internet era, the weakest link. British television audiences for live games have dipped as some fans opt for illegal streaming sites or free highlights. Zach Fuller, a media analyst, reckons that signing a sponsorship magnet like Neymar is a hedge against volatility in that market.
Audiences are more robust elsewhere: around 100m Chinese viewers tune into the biggest games. Manchester United are the most popular team on Chinese social media, despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice in the past four seasons. They have overtaken Real Madrid, who have won the trophy three times in the same period, as the world’s most prosperous club. If Neymar unlocks new markets as well as defences, then PSG ____________ a winner.

(www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/
21726098-share-clubs-revenues-highest-transfer-
fees-have-been-fairly-constant. Adaptado)

In the excerpt from the eighth paragraph – If Neymar unlocks new markets as well as defences… – the word in bold can be correctly replaced, without meaning change, by

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Why the world’s best footballers are cheaper than they seem

August 12, 2017
For football clubs, August is often the costliest month, when they make vast bids for each other’s players. This year has been particularly lavish. On August 3rd Paris SaintGermain (PSG), a French team, signed Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior, a Brazilian forward, from Barcelona for €222m ($264m), more than twice the prior record price for a footballer.
With three weeks of the transfer “window” left, teams in Europe’s “big five” leagues — the top divisions in England, Spain, Germany, Italy and France — have paid €3.2bn, just short of the record of €3.4bn set last year. The €179m splurged by Manchester City, an English club, on defenders outstrips 47 countries’ defence budgets. Arsène Wenger, a veteran manager of Arsenal, a London team, and an economics graduate, describes the modern transfer market as “beyond calculation and beyond rationality”.

Neymar, as he is known, will cost PSG’s owners, a branch of Qatar’s sovereign-wealth fund, about €500m over five years. In the betting markets, his arrival has boosted PSG’s implied chances of winning the Champions League, Europe’s most coveted club competition — but only from around 5.5% to about 9%. And prize money and ticket sales alone struggle to generate enough revenue to recoup such an outlay.
That does not make Neymar a bad investment. The goals he scores may matter less than the gloss he lends to the club’s brand and the sponsors he will lure. He earns more from endorsements than any footballer except Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. Some 59% of PSG’s revenue of €520m last year was commercial (that is, other than ticket sales and broadcasting fees), more than any other club in the big five leagues. Neymar has more followers on Instagram, a social network, than does Nike, his main sponsor and the provider of PSG’s kit, for which privilege it pays €24m a year. Neymar’s popularity will help PSG when this deal is renegotiated. Nike has already agreed to pay Barcelona €155m a season from 2018.
PSG’s owners are confident of breaking even, though they could afford a loss. Qatar has been spending €420m a week preparing for the 2022 World Cup, and the signing of Neymar is a message that the otherwise embattled country remains strong and rich. The danger is to PSG, since under “financial fair play” rules, teams are punished if they fail to limit their losses. In 2014 the club was fined for violating these. Another failure to balance the books could mean a ban from the Champions League.
Such spending caps irk billionaire owners, but they have helped prevent the inflation of a transfer-fee bubble. The rapid rise is a result of European football’s expanding fan base. In the English Premier League, football’s richest, average net spending on players per club has stayed roughly constant, hovering at around 15% of revenue since the 1990s, according to the 21st Club, a football consultancy.
As long as clubs’ revenues keep growing, the transfer boom is likely to persist. Broadcasting revenue, the game’s first big injection of cash in the 1990s, has become, in the internet era, the weakest link. British television audiences for live games have dipped as some fans opt for illegal streaming sites or free highlights. Zach Fuller, a media analyst, reckons that signing a sponsorship magnet like Neymar is a hedge against volatility in that market.
Audiences are more robust elsewhere: around 100m Chinese viewers tune into the biggest games. Manchester United are the most popular team on Chinese social media, despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice in the past four seasons. They have overtaken Real Madrid, who have won the trophy three times in the same period, as the world’s most prosperous club. If Neymar unlocks new markets as well as defences, then PSG ____________ a winner.

(www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/
21726098-share-clubs-revenues-highest-transfer-
fees-have-been-fairly-constant. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder a questão

Why the world’s best footballers are cheaper than they seem

August 12, 2017
For football clubs, August is often the costliest month, when they make vast bids for each other’s players. This year has been particularly lavish. On August 3rd Paris SaintGermain (PSG), a French team, signed Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior, a Brazilian forward, from Barcelona for €222m ($264m), more than twice the prior record price for a footballer.
With three weeks of the transfer “window” left, teams in Europe’s “big five” leagues — the top divisions in England, Spain, Germany, Italy and France — have paid €3.2bn, just short of the record of €3.4bn set last year. The €179m splurged by Manchester City, an English club, on defenders outstrips 47 countries’ defence budgets. Arsène Wenger, a veteran manager of Arsenal, a London team, and an economics graduate, describes the modern transfer market as “beyond calculation and beyond rationality”.

Neymar, as he is known, will cost PSG’s owners, a branch of Qatar’s sovereign-wealth fund, about €500m over five years. In the betting markets, his arrival has boosted PSG’s implied chances of winning the Champions League, Europe’s most coveted club competition — but only from around 5.5% to about 9%. And prize money and ticket sales alone struggle to generate enough revenue to recoup such an outlay.
That does not make Neymar a bad investment. The goals he scores may matter less than the gloss he lends to the club’s brand and the sponsors he will lure. He earns more from endorsements than any footballer except Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. Some 59% of PSG’s revenue of €520m last year was commercial (that is, other than ticket sales and broadcasting fees), more than any other club in the big five leagues. Neymar has more followers on Instagram, a social network, than does Nike, his main sponsor and the provider of PSG’s kit, for which privilege it pays €24m a year. Neymar’s popularity will help PSG when this deal is renegotiated. Nike has already agreed to pay Barcelona €155m a season from 2018.
PSG’s owners are confident of breaking even, though they could afford a loss. Qatar has been spending €420m a week preparing for the 2022 World Cup, and the signing of Neymar is a message that the otherwise embattled country remains strong and rich. The danger is to PSG, since under “financial fair play” rules, teams are punished if they fail to limit their losses. In 2014 the club was fined for violating these. Another failure to balance the books could mean a ban from the Champions League.
Such spending caps irk billionaire owners, but they have helped prevent the inflation of a transfer-fee bubble. The rapid rise is a result of European football’s expanding fan base. In the English Premier League, football’s richest, average net spending on players per club has stayed roughly constant, hovering at around 15% of revenue since the 1990s, according to the 21st Club, a football consultancy.
As long as clubs’ revenues keep growing, the transfer boom is likely to persist. Broadcasting revenue, the game’s first big injection of cash in the 1990s, has become, in the internet era, the weakest link. British television audiences for live games have dipped as some fans opt for illegal streaming sites or free highlights. Zach Fuller, a media analyst, reckons that signing a sponsorship magnet like Neymar is a hedge against volatility in that market.
Audiences are more robust elsewhere: around 100m Chinese viewers tune into the biggest games. Manchester United are the most popular team on Chinese social media, despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice in the past four seasons. They have overtaken Real Madrid, who have won the trophy three times in the same period, as the world’s most prosperous club. If Neymar unlocks new markets as well as defences, then PSG ____________ a winner.

(www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/
21726098-share-clubs-revenues-highest-transfer-
fees-have-been-fairly-constant. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder a questão

Why the world’s best footballers are cheaper than they seem

August 12, 2017
For football clubs, August is often the costliest month, when they make vast bids for each other’s players. This year has been particularly lavish. On August 3rd Paris SaintGermain (PSG), a French team, signed Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior, a Brazilian forward, from Barcelona for €222m ($264m), more than twice the prior record price for a footballer.
With three weeks of the transfer “window” left, teams in Europe’s “big five” leagues — the top divisions in England, Spain, Germany, Italy and France — have paid €3.2bn, just short of the record of €3.4bn set last year. The €179m splurged by Manchester City, an English club, on defenders outstrips 47 countries’ defence budgets. Arsène Wenger, a veteran manager of Arsenal, a London team, and an economics graduate, describes the modern transfer market as “beyond calculation and beyond rationality”.

Neymar, as he is known, will cost PSG’s owners, a branch of Qatar’s sovereign-wealth fund, about €500m over five years. In the betting markets, his arrival has boosted PSG’s implied chances of winning the Champions League, Europe’s most coveted club competition — but only from around 5.5% to about 9%. And prize money and ticket sales alone struggle to generate enough revenue to recoup such an outlay.
That does not make Neymar a bad investment. The goals he scores may matter less than the gloss he lends to the club’s brand and the sponsors he will lure. He earns more from endorsements than any footballer except Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. Some 59% of PSG’s revenue of €520m last year was commercial (that is, other than ticket sales and broadcasting fees), more than any other club in the big five leagues. Neymar has more followers on Instagram, a social network, than does Nike, his main sponsor and the provider of PSG’s kit, for which privilege it pays €24m a year. Neymar’s popularity will help PSG when this deal is renegotiated. Nike has already agreed to pay Barcelona €155m a season from 2018.
PSG’s owners are confident of breaking even, though they could afford a loss. Qatar has been spending €420m a week preparing for the 2022 World Cup, and the signing of Neymar is a message that the otherwise embattled country remains strong and rich. The danger is to PSG, since under “financial fair play” rules, teams are punished if they fail to limit their losses. In 2014 the club was fined for violating these. Another failure to balance the books could mean a ban from the Champions League.
Such spending caps irk billionaire owners, but they have helped prevent the inflation of a transfer-fee bubble. The rapid rise is a result of European football’s expanding fan base. In the English Premier League, football’s richest, average net spending on players per club has stayed roughly constant, hovering at around 15% of revenue since the 1990s, according to the 21st Club, a football consultancy.
As long as clubs’ revenues keep growing, the transfer boom is likely to persist. Broadcasting revenue, the game’s first big injection of cash in the 1990s, has become, in the internet era, the weakest link. British television audiences for live games have dipped as some fans opt for illegal streaming sites or free highlights. Zach Fuller, a media analyst, reckons that signing a sponsorship magnet like Neymar is a hedge against volatility in that market.
Audiences are more robust elsewhere: around 100m Chinese viewers tune into the biggest games. Manchester United are the most popular team on Chinese social media, despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice in the past four seasons. They have overtaken Real Madrid, who have won the trophy three times in the same period, as the world’s most prosperous club. If Neymar unlocks new markets as well as defences, then PSG ____________ a winner.

(www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/
21726098-share-clubs-revenues-highest-transfer-
fees-have-been-fairly-constant. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder a questão

Why the world’s best footballers are cheaper than they seem

August 12, 2017
For football clubs, August is often the costliest month, when they make vast bids for each other’s players. This year has been particularly lavish. On August 3rd Paris SaintGermain (PSG), a French team, signed Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior, a Brazilian forward, from Barcelona for €222m ($264m), more than twice the prior record price for a footballer.
With three weeks of the transfer “window” left, teams in Europe’s “big five” leagues — the top divisions in England, Spain, Germany, Italy and France — have paid €3.2bn, just short of the record of €3.4bn set last year. The €179m splurged by Manchester City, an English club, on defenders outstrips 47 countries’ defence budgets. Arsène Wenger, a veteran manager of Arsenal, a London team, and an economics graduate, describes the modern transfer market as “beyond calculation and beyond rationality”.

Neymar, as he is known, will cost PSG’s owners, a branch of Qatar’s sovereign-wealth fund, about €500m over five years. In the betting markets, his arrival has boosted PSG’s implied chances of winning the Champions League, Europe’s most coveted club competition — but only from around 5.5% to about 9%. And prize money and ticket sales alone struggle to generate enough revenue to recoup such an outlay.
That does not make Neymar a bad investment. The goals he scores may matter less than the gloss he lends to the club’s brand and the sponsors he will lure. He earns more from endorsements than any footballer except Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. Some 59% of PSG’s revenue of €520m last year was commercial (that is, other than ticket sales and broadcasting fees), more than any other club in the big five leagues. Neymar has more followers on Instagram, a social network, than does Nike, his main sponsor and the provider of PSG’s kit, for which privilege it pays €24m a year. Neymar’s popularity will help PSG when this deal is renegotiated. Nike has already agreed to pay Barcelona €155m a season from 2018.
PSG’s owners are confident of breaking even, though they could afford a loss. Qatar has been spending €420m a week preparing for the 2022 World Cup, and the signing of Neymar is a message that the otherwise embattled country remains strong and rich. The danger is to PSG, since under “financial fair play” rules, teams are punished if they fail to limit their losses. In 2014 the club was fined for violating these. Another failure to balance the books could mean a ban from the Champions League.
Such spending caps irk billionaire owners, but they have helped prevent the inflation of a transfer-fee bubble. The rapid rise is a result of European football’s expanding fan base. In the English Premier League, football’s richest, average net spending on players per club has stayed roughly constant, hovering at around 15% of revenue since the 1990s, according to the 21st Club, a football consultancy.
As long as clubs’ revenues keep growing, the transfer boom is likely to persist. Broadcasting revenue, the game’s first big injection of cash in the 1990s, has become, in the internet era, the weakest link. British television audiences for live games have dipped as some fans opt for illegal streaming sites or free highlights. Zach Fuller, a media analyst, reckons that signing a sponsorship magnet like Neymar is a hedge against volatility in that market.
Audiences are more robust elsewhere: around 100m Chinese viewers tune into the biggest games. Manchester United are the most popular team on Chinese social media, despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice in the past four seasons. They have overtaken Real Madrid, who have won the trophy three times in the same period, as the world’s most prosperous club. If Neymar unlocks new markets as well as defences, then PSG ____________ a winner.

(www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/
21726098-share-clubs-revenues-highest-transfer-
fees-have-been-fairly-constant. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder a questão

Why the world’s best footballers are cheaper than they seem

August 12, 2017
For football clubs, August is often the costliest month, when they make vast bids for each other’s players. This year has been particularly lavish. On August 3rd Paris SaintGermain (PSG), a French team, signed Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior, a Brazilian forward, from Barcelona for €222m ($264m), more than twice the prior record price for a footballer.
With three weeks of the transfer “window” left, teams in Europe’s “big five” leagues — the top divisions in England, Spain, Germany, Italy and France — have paid €3.2bn, just short of the record of €3.4bn set last year. The €179m splurged by Manchester City, an English club, on defenders outstrips 47 countries’ defence budgets. Arsène Wenger, a veteran manager of Arsenal, a London team, and an economics graduate, describes the modern transfer market as “beyond calculation and beyond rationality”.

Neymar, as he is known, will cost PSG’s owners, a branch of Qatar’s sovereign-wealth fund, about €500m over five years. In the betting markets, his arrival has boosted PSG’s implied chances of winning the Champions League, Europe’s most coveted club competition — but only from around 5.5% to about 9%. And prize money and ticket sales alone struggle to generate enough revenue to recoup such an outlay.
That does not make Neymar a bad investment. The goals he scores may matter less than the gloss he lends to the club’s brand and the sponsors he will lure. He earns more from endorsements than any footballer except Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. Some 59% of PSG’s revenue of €520m last year was commercial (that is, other than ticket sales and broadcasting fees), more than any other club in the big five leagues. Neymar has more followers on Instagram, a social network, than does Nike, his main sponsor and the provider of PSG’s kit, for which privilege it pays €24m a year. Neymar’s popularity will help PSG when this deal is renegotiated. Nike has already agreed to pay Barcelona €155m a season from 2018.
PSG’s owners are confident of breaking even, though they could afford a loss. Qatar has been spending €420m a week preparing for the 2022 World Cup, and the signing of Neymar is a message that the otherwise embattled country remains strong and rich. The danger is to PSG, since under “financial fair play” rules, teams are punished if they fail to limit their losses. In 2014 the club was fined for violating these. Another failure to balance the books could mean a ban from the Champions League.
Such spending caps irk billionaire owners, but they have helped prevent the inflation of a transfer-fee bubble. The rapid rise is a result of European football’s expanding fan base. In the English Premier League, football’s richest, average net spending on players per club has stayed roughly constant, hovering at around 15% of revenue since the 1990s, according to the 21st Club, a football consultancy.
As long as clubs’ revenues keep growing, the transfer boom is likely to persist. Broadcasting revenue, the game’s first big injection of cash in the 1990s, has become, in the internet era, the weakest link. British television audiences for live games have dipped as some fans opt for illegal streaming sites or free highlights. Zach Fuller, a media analyst, reckons that signing a sponsorship magnet like Neymar is a hedge against volatility in that market.
Audiences are more robust elsewhere: around 100m Chinese viewers tune into the biggest games. Manchester United are the most popular team on Chinese social media, despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice in the past four seasons. They have overtaken Real Madrid, who have won the trophy three times in the same period, as the world’s most prosperous club. If Neymar unlocks new markets as well as defences, then PSG ____________ a winner.

(www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/
21726098-share-clubs-revenues-highest-transfer-
fees-have-been-fairly-constant. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder a questão

Why the world’s best footballers are cheaper than they seem

August 12, 2017
For football clubs, August is often the costliest month, when they make vast bids for each other’s players. This year has been particularly lavish. On August 3rd Paris SaintGermain (PSG), a French team, signed Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior, a Brazilian forward, from Barcelona for €222m ($264m), more than twice the prior record price for a footballer.
With three weeks of the transfer “window” left, teams in Europe’s “big five” leagues — the top divisions in England, Spain, Germany, Italy and France — have paid €3.2bn, just short of the record of €3.4bn set last year. The €179m splurged by Manchester City, an English club, on defenders outstrips 47 countries’ defence budgets. Arsène Wenger, a veteran manager of Arsenal, a London team, and an economics graduate, describes the modern transfer market as “beyond calculation and beyond rationality”.

Neymar, as he is known, will cost PSG’s owners, a branch of Qatar’s sovereign-wealth fund, about €500m over five years. In the betting markets, his arrival has boosted PSG’s implied chances of winning the Champions League, Europe’s most coveted club competition — but only from around 5.5% to about 9%. And prize money and ticket sales alone struggle to generate enough revenue to recoup such an outlay.
That does not make Neymar a bad investment. The goals he scores may matter less than the gloss he lends to the club’s brand and the sponsors he will lure. He earns more from endorsements than any footballer except Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. Some 59% of PSG’s revenue of €520m last year was commercial (that is, other than ticket sales and broadcasting fees), more than any other club in the big five leagues. Neymar has more followers on Instagram, a social network, than does Nike, his main sponsor and the provider of PSG’s kit, for which privilege it pays €24m a year. Neymar’s popularity will help PSG when this deal is renegotiated. Nike has already agreed to pay Barcelona €155m a season from 2018.
PSG’s owners are confident of breaking even, though they could afford a loss. Qatar has been spending €420m a week preparing for the 2022 World Cup, and the signing of Neymar is a message that the otherwise embattled country remains strong and rich. The danger is to PSG, since under “financial fair play” rules, teams are punished if they fail to limit their losses. In 2014 the club was fined for violating these. Another failure to balance the books could mean a ban from the Champions League.
Such spending caps irk billionaire owners, but they have helped prevent the inflation of a transfer-fee bubble. The rapid rise is a result of European football’s expanding fan base. In the English Premier League, football’s richest, average net spending on players per club has stayed roughly constant, hovering at around 15% of revenue since the 1990s, according to the 21st Club, a football consultancy.
As long as clubs’ revenues keep growing, the transfer boom is likely to persist. Broadcasting revenue, the game’s first big injection of cash in the 1990s, has become, in the internet era, the weakest link. British television audiences for live games have dipped as some fans opt for illegal streaming sites or free highlights. Zach Fuller, a media analyst, reckons that signing a sponsorship magnet like Neymar is a hedge against volatility in that market.
Audiences are more robust elsewhere: around 100m Chinese viewers tune into the biggest games. Manchester United are the most popular team on Chinese social media, despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice in the past four seasons. They have overtaken Real Madrid, who have won the trophy three times in the same period, as the world’s most prosperous club. If Neymar unlocks new markets as well as defences, then PSG ____________ a winner.

(www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/
21726098-share-clubs-revenues-highest-transfer-
fees-have-been-fairly-constant. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder a questão

Why the world’s best footballers are cheaper than they seem

August 12, 2017
For football clubs, August is often the costliest month, when they make vast bids for each other’s players. This year has been particularly lavish. On August 3rd Paris SaintGermain (PSG), a French team, signed Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior, a Brazilian forward, from Barcelona for €222m ($264m), more than twice the prior record price for a footballer.
With three weeks of the transfer “window” left, teams in Europe’s “big five” leagues — the top divisions in England, Spain, Germany, Italy and France — have paid €3.2bn, just short of the record of €3.4bn set last year. The €179m splurged by Manchester City, an English club, on defenders outstrips 47 countries’ defence budgets. Arsène Wenger, a veteran manager of Arsenal, a London team, and an economics graduate, describes the modern transfer market as “beyond calculation and beyond rationality”.

Neymar, as he is known, will cost PSG’s owners, a branch of Qatar’s sovereign-wealth fund, about €500m over five years. In the betting markets, his arrival has boosted PSG’s implied chances of winning the Champions League, Europe’s most coveted club competition — but only from around 5.5% to about 9%. And prize money and ticket sales alone struggle to generate enough revenue to recoup such an outlay.
That does not make Neymar a bad investment. The goals he scores may matter less than the gloss he lends to the club’s brand and the sponsors he will lure. He earns more from endorsements than any footballer except Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. Some 59% of PSG’s revenue of €520m last year was commercial (that is, other than ticket sales and broadcasting fees), more than any other club in the big five leagues. Neymar has more followers on Instagram, a social network, than does Nike, his main sponsor and the provider of PSG’s kit, for which privilege it pays €24m a year. Neymar’s popularity will help PSG when this deal is renegotiated. Nike has already agreed to pay Barcelona €155m a season from 2018.
PSG’s owners are confident of breaking even, though they could afford a loss. Qatar has been spending €420m a week preparing for the 2022 World Cup, and the signing of Neymar is a message that the otherwise embattled country remains strong and rich. The danger is to PSG, since under “financial fair play” rules, teams are punished if they fail to limit their losses. In 2014 the club was fined for violating these. Another failure to balance the books could mean a ban from the Champions League.
Such spending caps irk billionaire owners, but they have helped prevent the inflation of a transfer-fee bubble. The rapid rise is a result of European football’s expanding fan base. In the English Premier League, football’s richest, average net spending on players per club has stayed roughly constant, hovering at around 15% of revenue since the 1990s, according to the 21st Club, a football consultancy.
As long as clubs’ revenues keep growing, the transfer boom is likely to persist. Broadcasting revenue, the game’s first big injection of cash in the 1990s, has become, in the internet era, the weakest link. British television audiences for live games have dipped as some fans opt for illegal streaming sites or free highlights. Zach Fuller, a media analyst, reckons that signing a sponsorship magnet like Neymar is a hedge against volatility in that market.
Audiences are more robust elsewhere: around 100m Chinese viewers tune into the biggest games. Manchester United are the most popular team on Chinese social media, despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice in the past four seasons. They have overtaken Real Madrid, who have won the trophy three times in the same period, as the world’s most prosperous club. If Neymar unlocks new markets as well as defences, then PSG ____________ a winner.

(www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/
21726098-share-clubs-revenues-highest-transfer-
fees-have-been-fairly-constant. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder a questão

Why the world’s best footballers are cheaper than they seem

August 12, 2017
For football clubs, August is often the costliest month, when they make vast bids for each other’s players. This year has been particularly lavish. On August 3rd Paris SaintGermain (PSG), a French team, signed Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior, a Brazilian forward, from Barcelona for €222m ($264m), more than twice the prior record price for a footballer.
With three weeks of the transfer “window” left, teams in Europe’s “big five” leagues — the top divisions in England, Spain, Germany, Italy and France — have paid €3.2bn, just short of the record of €3.4bn set last year. The €179m splurged by Manchester City, an English club, on defenders outstrips 47 countries’ defence budgets. Arsène Wenger, a veteran manager of Arsenal, a London team, and an economics graduate, describes the modern transfer market as “beyond calculation and beyond rationality”.

Neymar, as he is known, will cost PSG’s owners, a branch of Qatar’s sovereign-wealth fund, about €500m over five years. In the betting markets, his arrival has boosted PSG’s implied chances of winning the Champions League, Europe’s most coveted club competition — but only from around 5.5% to about 9%. And prize money and ticket sales alone struggle to generate enough revenue to recoup such an outlay.
That does not make Neymar a bad investment. The goals he scores may matter less than the gloss he lends to the club’s brand and the sponsors he will lure. He earns more from endorsements than any footballer except Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. Some 59% of PSG’s revenue of €520m last year was commercial (that is, other than ticket sales and broadcasting fees), more than any other club in the big five leagues. Neymar has more followers on Instagram, a social network, than does Nike, his main sponsor and the provider of PSG’s kit, for which privilege it pays €24m a year. Neymar’s popularity will help PSG when this deal is renegotiated. Nike has already agreed to pay Barcelona €155m a season from 2018.
PSG’s owners are confident of breaking even, though they could afford a loss. Qatar has been spending €420m a week preparing for the 2022 World Cup, and the signing of Neymar is a message that the otherwise embattled country remains strong and rich. The danger is to PSG, since under “financial fair play” rules, teams are punished if they fail to limit their losses. In 2014 the club was fined for violating these. Another failure to balance the books could mean a ban from the Champions League.
Such spending caps irk billionaire owners, but they have helped prevent the inflation of a transfer-fee bubble. The rapid rise is a result of European football’s expanding fan base. In the English Premier League, football’s richest, average net spending on players per club has stayed roughly constant, hovering at around 15% of revenue since the 1990s, according to the 21st Club, a football consultancy.
As long as clubs’ revenues keep growing, the transfer boom is likely to persist. Broadcasting revenue, the game’s first big injection of cash in the 1990s, has become, in the internet era, the weakest link. British television audiences for live games have dipped as some fans opt for illegal streaming sites or free highlights. Zach Fuller, a media analyst, reckons that signing a sponsorship magnet like Neymar is a hedge against volatility in that market.
Audiences are more robust elsewhere: around 100m Chinese viewers tune into the biggest games. Manchester United are the most popular team on Chinese social media, despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice in the past four seasons. They have overtaken Real Madrid, who have won the trophy three times in the same period, as the world’s most prosperous club. If Neymar unlocks new markets as well as defences, then PSG ____________ a winner.

(www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/
21726098-share-clubs-revenues-highest-transfer-
fees-have-been-fairly-constant. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder a questão

Why the world’s best footballers are cheaper than they seem

August 12, 2017
For football clubs, August is often the costliest month, when they make vast bids for each other’s players. This year has been particularly lavish. On August 3rd Paris SaintGermain (PSG), a French team, signed Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior, a Brazilian forward, from Barcelona for €222m ($264m), more than twice the prior record price for a footballer.
With three weeks of the transfer “window” left, teams in Europe’s “big five” leagues — the top divisions in England, Spain, Germany, Italy and France — have paid €3.2bn, just short of the record of €3.4bn set last year. The €179m splurged by Manchester City, an English club, on defenders outstrips 47 countries’ defence budgets. Arsène Wenger, a veteran manager of Arsenal, a London team, and an economics graduate, describes the modern transfer market as “beyond calculation and beyond rationality”.

Neymar, as he is known, will cost PSG’s owners, a branch of Qatar’s sovereign-wealth fund, about €500m over five years. In the betting markets, his arrival has boosted PSG’s implied chances of winning the Champions League, Europe’s most coveted club competition — but only from around 5.5% to about 9%. And prize money and ticket sales alone struggle to generate enough revenue to recoup such an outlay.
That does not make Neymar a bad investment. The goals he scores may matter less than the gloss he lends to the club’s brand and the sponsors he will lure. He earns more from endorsements than any footballer except Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. Some 59% of PSG’s revenue of €520m last year was commercial (that is, other than ticket sales and broadcasting fees), more than any other club in the big five leagues. Neymar has more followers on Instagram, a social network, than does Nike, his main sponsor and the provider of PSG’s kit, for which privilege it pays €24m a year. Neymar’s popularity will help PSG when this deal is renegotiated. Nike has already agreed to pay Barcelona €155m a season from 2018.
PSG’s owners are confident of breaking even, though they could afford a loss. Qatar has been spending €420m a week preparing for the 2022 World Cup, and the signing of Neymar is a message that the otherwise embattled country remains strong and rich. The danger is to PSG, since under “financial fair play” rules, teams are punished if they fail to limit their losses. In 2014 the club was fined for violating these. Another failure to balance the books could mean a ban from the Champions League.
Such spending caps irk billionaire owners, but they have helped prevent the inflation of a transfer-fee bubble. The rapid rise is a result of European football’s expanding fan base. In the English Premier League, football’s richest, average net spending on players per club has stayed roughly constant, hovering at around 15% of revenue since the 1990s, according to the 21st Club, a football consultancy.
As long as clubs’ revenues keep growing, the transfer boom is likely to persist. Broadcasting revenue, the game’s first big injection of cash in the 1990s, has become, in the internet era, the weakest link. British television audiences for live games have dipped as some fans opt for illegal streaming sites or free highlights. Zach Fuller, a media analyst, reckons that signing a sponsorship magnet like Neymar is a hedge against volatility in that market.
Audiences are more robust elsewhere: around 100m Chinese viewers tune into the biggest games. Manchester United are the most popular team on Chinese social media, despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice in the past four seasons. They have overtaken Real Madrid, who have won the trophy three times in the same period, as the world’s most prosperous club. If Neymar unlocks new markets as well as defences, then PSG ____________ a winner.

(www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/
21726098-share-clubs-revenues-highest-transfer-
fees-have-been-fairly-constant. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder a questão

Why the world’s best footballers are cheaper than they seem

August 12, 2017
For football clubs, August is often the costliest month, when they make vast bids for each other’s players. This year has been particularly lavish. On August 3rd Paris SaintGermain (PSG), a French team, signed Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior, a Brazilian forward, from Barcelona for €222m ($264m), more than twice the prior record price for a footballer.
With three weeks of the transfer “window” left, teams in Europe’s “big five” leagues — the top divisions in England, Spain, Germany, Italy and France — have paid €3.2bn, just short of the record of €3.4bn set last year. The €179m splurged by Manchester City, an English club, on defenders outstrips 47 countries’ defence budgets. Arsène Wenger, a veteran manager of Arsenal, a London team, and an economics graduate, describes the modern transfer market as “beyond calculation and beyond rationality”.

Neymar, as he is known, will cost PSG’s owners, a branch of Qatar’s sovereign-wealth fund, about €500m over five years. In the betting markets, his arrival has boosted PSG’s implied chances of winning the Champions League, Europe’s most coveted club competition — but only from around 5.5% to about 9%. And prize money and ticket sales alone struggle to generate enough revenue to recoup such an outlay.
That does not make Neymar a bad investment. The goals he scores may matter less than the gloss he lends to the club’s brand and the sponsors he will lure. He earns more from endorsements than any footballer except Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. Some 59% of PSG’s revenue of €520m last year was commercial (that is, other than ticket sales and broadcasting fees), more than any other club in the big five leagues. Neymar has more followers on Instagram, a social network, than does Nike, his main sponsor and the provider of PSG’s kit, for which privilege it pays €24m a year. Neymar’s popularity will help PSG when this deal is renegotiated. Nike has already agreed to pay Barcelona €155m a season from 2018.
PSG’s owners are confident of breaking even, though they could afford a loss. Qatar has been spending €420m a week preparing for the 2022 World Cup, and the signing of Neymar is a message that the otherwise embattled country remains strong and rich. The danger is to PSG, since under “financial fair play” rules, teams are punished if they fail to limit their losses. In 2014 the club was fined for violating these. Another failure to balance the books could mean a ban from the Champions League.
Such spending caps irk billionaire owners, but they have helped prevent the inflation of a transfer-fee bubble. The rapid rise is a result of European football’s expanding fan base. In the English Premier League, football’s richest, average net spending on players per club has stayed roughly constant, hovering at around 15% of revenue since the 1990s, according to the 21st Club, a football consultancy.
As long as clubs’ revenues keep growing, the transfer boom is likely to persist. Broadcasting revenue, the game’s first big injection of cash in the 1990s, has become, in the internet era, the weakest link. British television audiences for live games have dipped as some fans opt for illegal streaming sites or free highlights. Zach Fuller, a media analyst, reckons that signing a sponsorship magnet like Neymar is a hedge against volatility in that market.
Audiences are more robust elsewhere: around 100m Chinese viewers tune into the biggest games. Manchester United are the most popular team on Chinese social media, despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice in the past four seasons. They have overtaken Real Madrid, who have won the trophy three times in the same period, as the world’s most prosperous club. If Neymar unlocks new markets as well as defences, then PSG ____________ a winner.

(www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/
21726098-share-clubs-revenues-highest-transfer-
fees-have-been-fairly-constant. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder a questão

Why the world’s best footballers are cheaper than they seem

August 12, 2017
For football clubs, August is often the costliest month, when they make vast bids for each other’s players. This year has been particularly lavish. On August 3rd Paris SaintGermain (PSG), a French team, signed Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior, a Brazilian forward, from Barcelona for €222m ($264m), more than twice the prior record price for a footballer.
With three weeks of the transfer “window” left, teams in Europe’s “big five” leagues — the top divisions in England, Spain, Germany, Italy and France — have paid €3.2bn, just short of the record of €3.4bn set last year. The €179m splurged by Manchester City, an English club, on defenders outstrips 47 countries’ defence budgets. Arsène Wenger, a veteran manager of Arsenal, a London team, and an economics graduate, describes the modern transfer market as “beyond calculation and beyond rationality”.

Neymar, as he is known, will cost PSG’s owners, a branch of Qatar’s sovereign-wealth fund, about €500m over five years. In the betting markets, his arrival has boosted PSG’s implied chances of winning the Champions League, Europe’s most coveted club competition — but only from around 5.5% to about 9%. And prize money and ticket sales alone struggle to generate enough revenue to recoup such an outlay.
That does not make Neymar a bad investment. The goals he scores may matter less than the gloss he lends to the club’s brand and the sponsors he will lure. He earns more from endorsements than any footballer except Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. Some 59% of PSG’s revenue of €520m last year was commercial (that is, other than ticket sales and broadcasting fees), more than any other club in the big five leagues. Neymar has more followers on Instagram, a social network, than does Nike, his main sponsor and the provider of PSG’s kit, for which privilege it pays €24m a year. Neymar’s popularity will help PSG when this deal is renegotiated. Nike has already agreed to pay Barcelona €155m a season from 2018.
PSG’s owners are confident of breaking even, though they could afford a loss. Qatar has been spending €420m a week preparing for the 2022 World Cup, and the signing of Neymar is a message that the otherwise embattled country remains strong and rich. The danger is to PSG, since under “financial fair play” rules, teams are punished if they fail to limit their losses. In 2014 the club was fined for violating these. Another failure to balance the books could mean a ban from the Champions League.
Such spending caps irk billionaire owners, but they have helped prevent the inflation of a transfer-fee bubble. The rapid rise is a result of European football’s expanding fan base. In the English Premier League, football’s richest, average net spending on players per club has stayed roughly constant, hovering at around 15% of revenue since the 1990s, according to the 21st Club, a football consultancy.
As long as clubs’ revenues keep growing, the transfer boom is likely to persist. Broadcasting revenue, the game’s first big injection of cash in the 1990s, has become, in the internet era, the weakest link. British television audiences for live games have dipped as some fans opt for illegal streaming sites or free highlights. Zach Fuller, a media analyst, reckons that signing a sponsorship magnet like Neymar is a hedge against volatility in that market.
Audiences are more robust elsewhere: around 100m Chinese viewers tune into the biggest games. Manchester United are the most popular team on Chinese social media, despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice in the past four seasons. They have overtaken Real Madrid, who have won the trophy three times in the same period, as the world’s most prosperous club. If Neymar unlocks new markets as well as defences, then PSG ____________ a winner.

(www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/
21726098-share-clubs-revenues-highest-transfer-
fees-have-been-fairly-constant. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder a questão

Why the world’s best footballers are cheaper than they seem

August 12, 2017
For football clubs, August is often the costliest month, when they make vast bids for each other’s players. This year has been particularly lavish. On August 3rd Paris SaintGermain (PSG), a French team, signed Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior, a Brazilian forward, from Barcelona for €222m ($264m), more than twice the prior record price for a footballer.
With three weeks of the transfer “window” left, teams in Europe’s “big five” leagues — the top divisions in England, Spain, Germany, Italy and France — have paid €3.2bn, just short of the record of €3.4bn set last year. The €179m splurged by Manchester City, an English club, on defenders outstrips 47 countries’ defence budgets. Arsène Wenger, a veteran manager of Arsenal, a London team, and an economics graduate, describes the modern transfer market as “beyond calculation and beyond rationality”.

Neymar, as he is known, will cost PSG’s owners, a branch of Qatar’s sovereign-wealth fund, about €500m over five years. In the betting markets, his arrival has boosted PSG’s implied chances of winning the Champions League, Europe’s most coveted club competition — but only from around 5.5% to about 9%. And prize money and ticket sales alone struggle to generate enough revenue to recoup such an outlay.
That does not make Neymar a bad investment. The goals he scores may matter less than the gloss he lends to the club’s brand and the sponsors he will lure. He earns more from endorsements than any footballer except Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. Some 59% of PSG’s revenue of €520m last year was commercial (that is, other than ticket sales and broadcasting fees), more than any other club in the big five leagues. Neymar has more followers on Instagram, a social network, than does Nike, his main sponsor and the provider of PSG’s kit, for which privilege it pays €24m a year. Neymar’s popularity will help PSG when this deal is renegotiated. Nike has already agreed to pay Barcelona €155m a season from 2018.
PSG’s owners are confident of breaking even, though they could afford a loss. Qatar has been spending €420m a week preparing for the 2022 World Cup, and the signing of Neymar is a message that the otherwise embattled country remains strong and rich. The danger is to PSG, since under “financial fair play” rules, teams are punished if they fail to limit their losses. In 2014 the club was fined for violating these. Another failure to balance the books could mean a ban from the Champions League.
Such spending caps irk billionaire owners, but they have helped prevent the inflation of a transfer-fee bubble. The rapid rise is a result of European football’s expanding fan base. In the English Premier League, football’s richest, average net spending on players per club has stayed roughly constant, hovering at around 15% of revenue since the 1990s, according to the 21st Club, a football consultancy.
As long as clubs’ revenues keep growing, the transfer boom is likely to persist. Broadcasting revenue, the game’s first big injection of cash in the 1990s, has become, in the internet era, the weakest link. British television audiences for live games have dipped as some fans opt for illegal streaming sites or free highlights. Zach Fuller, a media analyst, reckons that signing a sponsorship magnet like Neymar is a hedge against volatility in that market.
Audiences are more robust elsewhere: around 100m Chinese viewers tune into the biggest games. Manchester United are the most popular team on Chinese social media, despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice in the past four seasons. They have overtaken Real Madrid, who have won the trophy three times in the same period, as the world’s most prosperous club. If Neymar unlocks new markets as well as defences, then PSG ____________ a winner.

(www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/
21726098-share-clubs-revenues-highest-transfer-
fees-have-been-fairly-constant. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder a questão

Why the world’s best footballers are cheaper than they seem

August 12, 2017
For football clubs, August is often the costliest month, when they make vast bids for each other’s players. This year has been particularly lavish. On August 3rd Paris SaintGermain (PSG), a French team, signed Neymar da Silva Santos Júnior, a Brazilian forward, from Barcelona for €222m ($264m), more than twice the prior record price for a footballer.
With three weeks of the transfer “window” left, teams in Europe’s “big five” leagues — the top divisions in England, Spain, Germany, Italy and France — have paid €3.2bn, just short of the record of €3.4bn set last year. The €179m splurged by Manchester City, an English club, on defenders outstrips 47 countries’ defence budgets. Arsène Wenger, a veteran manager of Arsenal, a London team, and an economics graduate, describes the modern transfer market as “beyond calculation and beyond rationality”.

Neymar, as he is known, will cost PSG’s owners, a branch of Qatar’s sovereign-wealth fund, about €500m over five years. In the betting markets, his arrival has boosted PSG’s implied chances of winning the Champions League, Europe’s most coveted club competition — but only from around 5.5% to about 9%. And prize money and ticket sales alone struggle to generate enough revenue to recoup such an outlay.
That does not make Neymar a bad investment. The goals he scores may matter less than the gloss he lends to the club’s brand and the sponsors he will lure. He earns more from endorsements than any footballer except Cristiano Ronaldo and Lionel Messi. Some 59% of PSG’s revenue of €520m last year was commercial (that is, other than ticket sales and broadcasting fees), more than any other club in the big five leagues. Neymar has more followers on Instagram, a social network, than does Nike, his main sponsor and the provider of PSG’s kit, for which privilege it pays €24m a year. Neymar’s popularity will help PSG when this deal is renegotiated. Nike has already agreed to pay Barcelona €155m a season from 2018.
PSG’s owners are confident of breaking even, though they could afford a loss. Qatar has been spending €420m a week preparing for the 2022 World Cup, and the signing of Neymar is a message that the otherwise embattled country remains strong and rich. The danger is to PSG, since under “financial fair play” rules, teams are punished if they fail to limit their losses. In 2014 the club was fined for violating these. Another failure to balance the books could mean a ban from the Champions League.
Such spending caps irk billionaire owners, but they have helped prevent the inflation of a transfer-fee bubble. The rapid rise is a result of European football’s expanding fan base. In the English Premier League, football’s richest, average net spending on players per club has stayed roughly constant, hovering at around 15% of revenue since the 1990s, according to the 21st Club, a football consultancy.
As long as clubs’ revenues keep growing, the transfer boom is likely to persist. Broadcasting revenue, the game’s first big injection of cash in the 1990s, has become, in the internet era, the weakest link. British television audiences for live games have dipped as some fans opt for illegal streaming sites or free highlights. Zach Fuller, a media analyst, reckons that signing a sponsorship magnet like Neymar is a hedge against volatility in that market.
Audiences are more robust elsewhere: around 100m Chinese viewers tune into the biggest games. Manchester United are the most popular team on Chinese social media, despite qualifying for the Champions League only twice in the past four seasons. They have overtaken Real Madrid, who have won the trophy three times in the same period, as the world’s most prosperous club. If Neymar unlocks new markets as well as defences, then PSG ____________ a winner.

(www.economist.com/news/finance-and-economics/
21726098-share-clubs-revenues-highest-transfer-
fees-have-been-fairly-constant. Adaptado)

Observe o gráfico a seguir.

Analise os gráficos.

A implementação das metas estipuladas pela Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) tem apresentado desafios, conforme constatado, por exemplo, pelo não cumprimento do prazo para a extinção dessa forma de descarte, previsto, inicialmente, para agosto de 2014. A sua continuidade agrava os impactos negativos ao meio ambiente e à salubridade pública em nossas cidades, na medida em que, dos 5 568 municípios brasileiros, 3 326 ainda descartam seus resíduos incorretamente e, por ano, 41,3% dos 79 milhões de toneladas de resíduos produzidos tem essa destinação.

O estudo foi feito nas reservas florestais da costa leste dos EUA. Os pesquisadores abriram clareiras do tamanho de um quarteirão no meio da floresta nativa. Algumas clareiras eram isoladas, outras ligadas entre si por finos caminhos. Os pesquisadores produziram uma grande combinação de áreas desmatadas, todas do mesmo tamanho, mas algumas delas ligadas entre si. Após o desmatamento, que foi feito simultaneamente em todas as áreas, os pesquisadores mediram ao longo dos anos o retorno das espécies em cada uma das clareiras. Eles observaram que ao longo dos anos o número de espécies diferentes era maior nas áreas conectadas do que nas áreas desconectadas.

Basta um peteleco para causar um efeito dominó em sua biodiversidade. E além do Brasil, a região cobre mais oito países. Esse bioma agora está sob ameaça de seis barragens que podem ser construídas nos Andes por nossos vizinhos, o que pode gerar consequências trágicas. A região andina abrange somente 11% desta bacia, mas fornece 93% dos sedimentos e a maior parte dos nutrientes levados por seus rios.

Leia o excerto e analise a imagem.
O experimento constitui-se por lâminas ou placas de metal galvanizado que fecham três lados de um retângulo com um quarto lado posicionado na parte mais baixa da área de amostragem, na qual se instala uma calha coletora, também construída por lâmina de ferro. A calha, por sua vez, é conectada a tambores por saídas laterais. O trabalho do pesquisador é coletar, a cada chuva, o volume de água e sedimentos armazenados na calha e nos tambores, medindo-os, secando-os e pesando-os em balança de precisão.

Observe a imagem a seguir.

Observe o mapa a seguir.

A Terra formou-se como planeta há 4,5 bilhões de anos. A evidência mais antiga de vida foi encontrada em rochas com idade aproximada de 3,5 bilhões de anos. Há cerca de 2,5 bilhões de anos, a quantidade de oxigênio na atmos fera aumentou devido à fotossíntese dos vegetais pri mitivos. Os animais apareceram repentinamente há cerca de 600 milhões de anos, diversificando-se rapida - mente numa grande explosão evolutiva. A subsequente evolução da vida foi marcada por uma série de extinções em massa. Nossa espécie apareceu há cerca de 40 mil anos.

Impulsionada pela forte demanda do mercado chinês, a expansão do corredor logístico pelo Norte do país vem deixando um rastro de impactos negativos no entorno do rio Tapajós, na Amazônia, de acordo com estudos de ONGs sobre projetos de infraestrutura na região.

Fala-se muito hoje sobre a disputa de estados e municípios pela busca por empresas para se instalarem lucrativamente. A realidade é que, do ponto de vista das empresas, o mais importante é que nos pontos onde desejam se instalar haja um conjunto de circunstâncias vantajosas. Trata-se, na verdade, de uma busca por municípios produtivos.

Observe a imagem.

“Eu vou construir para você um irmão”, diz uma bolha de pensamento ao lado do retrato de Trump, enquanto ele coloca sua mão em uma imagem de uma parede, composta por placas de concreto de 26 pés de altura. Devido às ambições do presidente Trump de construir um muro ao longo da fronteira entre os EUA e o México, o artista, então, considerou apropriado que Trump esteja presente no muro mais controverso do mundo – um exemplo para ele do tipo de muro fronteiriço que quer construir.

Juntamente com a era da industrialização, ocorre na Europa um acelerado crescimento populacional. A fábrica encontrava-se ainda em estágio inicial, necessitando de elevada mão de obra. Em virtude dos baixos salários e difíceis condições de vida na cidade, era muito comum que a família inteira trabalhasse na indústria; e quanto maior fosse o número de filhos por casal, maior seria o rendimento médio da família. O surto demográfico, sem precedentes históricos, que se iniciou na Europa com a era industrial causou espanto nos estudiosos do assunto.

O Parlamento da Catalunha aprovou nesta quarta-feira (06.09.17) a convocação de um plebiscito para 1.^o de outubro de 2017, apesar de que o Tribunal Constitucional da Espanha deva derrubar a medida. A expectativa é de nova retaliação das autoridades centrais espanholas aos políticos catalães.

Era a manhã ensolarada do dia 1^o . de maio de 1980, e as pessoas que haviam chegado ao centro de São Bernardo para a comemoração da data se depararam com a cidade ocupada por 8 000 policiais armados, com ordens de impedir qualquer concentração.
É que aquele Dia do Trabalhador ocorria quando uma greve dos metalúrgicos da região alcançava já um mês de duração e levara o chefe do Serviço Nacional de Informação a prometer que dobraria a república de São Bernardo. O que poderia ter permanecido em dissídio salarial tornara-se um enfrentamento político que polarizava a sociedade. Movidos pela solidariedade à greve, formaram-se comitês de apoio em fábricas e bairros da Grande São Paulo. Pastorais da Igreja, parla mentares da oposição, Ordem dos Advogados, sindicatos, artistas, estudantes, jornalistas, professores assumiram a greve do ABC como expressão da luta democrática em curso.

A proclamação da República Popular da China em 1.^o de outubro de 1949 e a eleição do governo presidido por Mao Tsetung foram resultados da luta contra a ocupação da China por potências estrangeiras e contra o regionalismo que fortalecia os senhores de terra.
O movimento camponês, liderado por Mao Tsetung, sagrou-se vitorioso em outubro de 1949. Entretanto, as raízes desse movimento estão no século 19 e nas condições que se foram criando a partir da intervenção das potências estrangeiras, no início do século 20.

A imagem retrata um episódio de 1943, na cidade de Natal: a presença do presidente do Brasil, Getúlio Vargas, e do presidente dos Estados Unidos, Franklin Roosevelt.

O ano de 2016 completa o centenário da canção Pelo telefone, de Ernesto dos Santos, o Donga (1889/1974-RJ) e Maurício de Almeida (mais conhecido como Peru dos Pés Frios).
Parece que a motivação central da composição foi uma crítica bem-humorada ao chefe da polícia carioca que combatia os jogos de azar na cidade: por isso a letra original dizia O chefe da polícia/Pelo telefone/ Mandou avisar/ Que na Carioca/ Tem uma roleta/ Para se jogar. Porém, ao registrar a letra, Donga subtraiu a crítica à polícia e mudou para O chefe da folia. Esse autêntico quebra-cabeça melódico e poético teria sido organizado e recomposto pelo jornalista e carnavalesco Maurício de Almeida, o Peru dos Pés Frios, que ganhou coautoria da com posição. Além disso, o refrão da canção também foi tomado de conhecida canção folclórica (Olha a rolinha/Sinhô, sinhô/Se embaraçou/Sinhô, sinhô …).

Observe os dois mapas.

A partir da década de 1970, ganhou espaço a interpretação de que o imperialismo inglês foi a causa da Guerra do Paraguai, deflagrada em dezembro de 1864. Segundo essa vertente, o trono britânico teria utilizado o Império do Brasil, a Argentina e o Uruguai para destruir um suposto modelo de desenvolvimento paraguaio, industrializante, autônomo, que não se submetia aos mandos e desmandos da potência de então. Estudos desenvolvidos a partir da década de 1980, porém, revelam um panorama bastante distinto.

Na sua faceta mais radical, a Revolução Francesa pro - moveu uma certa redistribuição de terra, por meio de medidas como a venda dos bens nacionais. Entretanto, nesse processo de construção de uma ordem jurídica burguesa, o fim da escravidão não seria, no final das contas, incluído. A Declaração dos Direitos do Homem e do Cidadão de 1789 trazia, no seu artigo 1.^o , o princípio segundo o qual “os homens nascem e permanecem livres e iguais em direitos”. Mas a história revolucionária mostrou que essa fórmula clássica do liberalismo político foi capaz de gerar, de imediato, posturas contraditórias entre os diferentes atores históricos do período, que interpretavam os termos liberdade e igualdade à luz de suas próprias aspirações e interesses.

Foi pela espada que nossos ancestrais introduziram, na criação, o poder de cercar a terra e fazê-la sua propriedade; foram eles que primeiro mataram os seus próximos, os homens, para assim roubarem ou pilharem a terra que a esses pertencia e deixá-la a vós, seus descendentes. (...)
Eu vos exorto, soldados da República Inglesa! O inimigo não poderia vencer-vos no campo de batalha, porém pode derrotar-vos no campo da política se não estabelecem a liberdade para todos.
Onde existe um povo.... unido graças à propriedade coletiva dos meios de subsistência até formar uma só pessoa será o seu país o mais poderoso do mundo... a defesa da propriedade e do interesse individual divide o povo de um país e do mundo todo.

Como a sociedade do reino e as dos núcleos mais antigos de povoamento – a de Pernambuco, Bahia ou São Paulo – seguiam, em Minas, os princípios estamentais de estratificação, ou seja, pautavam-se pela honra, pela estima, pela preeminência social, pelo privilégio, pelo nascimento. A grande diferença é que, em Minas, o dinheiro podia comprar tanto quanto o nascimento, ou “corrigi-lo”, bem como a outros “defeitos” (...) Como rezava um ditado na época, “quem dinheiro tiver, fará o que quiser”.

A agromanufatura da cana resultaria em outro produto tão importante quanto o açúcar: a cachaça. Alambiques proliferaram ao longo dos séculos coloniais. A comercialização da bebida afetava profundamente a importação de vinhos de Portugal. Esse comércio era obrigatório, pois por meio dos tributos pagos pelas cotas do vinho importado é que a Coroa pagava as suas tropas na Colônia. A cachaça produzida aqui passou a concorrer com os vinhos, com vantagens econômicas e culturais. Essa concorrência comercial entre colônia e metrópole se estendeu para as praças negreiras e rotas de comercialização de escravos na África portuguesa. A cachaça brasileira, por ser a bebida preferida para os negócios de compra e venda de escravos africanos, colocou em grande desvantagem a comercialização dos vinhos portugueses remetidos à África. A longa queda de braço mercantil acabou favorecendo afinal a cachaça, porque sem ela, nada de escravos, nada de produção na Colônia, com consequências graves para a arrecadação do reino.

Os escravos provenientes da África chegaram à América espanhola junto com algumas das primeiras expedições. No primeiro e no segundo quartel do século XVI, vamos encontrá-los trabalhando no bateamento dos rios auríferos mais ricos e em outros locais de trabalho onde os lucros eram elevados ou não existia força de trabalho indígena, ou ambas as coisas. De modo geral, devido às distâncias e aos custos envolvidos, a aquisição e a manutenção dos escravos africanos eram mais onerosas que as dos índios de aldeia, e não havia aldeia agrícola autossuficiente à qual pudessem retornar na baixa temporada.

Aproveitando-se do reforço populacional e espiritual, os reinos cristãos acentuaram sua ofensiva contra os domínios muçulmanos. Em 1492, concluía-se a conquista da península, com a incorporação de Granada.
A reconquista representou, para os ibéricos, uma primeira expansão feudal. Caracterizou-se pela incorporação de novas terras, pelo crescimento demográfico, pelo desenvolvimento das cidades, das atividades mercantis e pela expansão cristã. No entanto, 1492 não se encerra em Granada. Meses depois, em outubro, Colombo daria continuidade à conquista material e espiritual. Do outro lado do Atlântico.

Este documento, do século XIV, encontra-se nos arquivos de Assize, na ilha de Ely, na Inglaterra: Adam Clymne foi preso como insurgente e traidor de seu juramento e porque traiçoeiramente com outros celebrou uma insurreição em Ely. Penetrando na casa de Thomas Somenour onde se apossou de diversos documentos e papéis selados. E ainda, que o mesmo Adam no momento da insurreição, estava andando armado e oferecendo armas, levando um estandarte, para reunir insurgentes, ordenando que nenhum homem de qualquer condição, livre ou não, deveria obedecer ao senhor e prestar os serviços habituais, sob pena de degola.
O acima mencionado Adam é culpado de todas as acusações. Pela ordem da justiça, o mesmo Adam foi levado e enforcado.

O cristianismo foi difundido nos territórios da Núbia, a partir do século IV, por meio da língua copta, que passou a ser língua-matriz religiosa de um cristianismo africano, que diferia da versão oficial romana, e depois da versão bizantina. Essa versão do cristianismo que se afirmou ao longo dos séculos num processo intricado de amálgamas entre a doutrina monofisita e os costumes das religiões tradicionais da África negra.
A igreja axumita (e, depois, a igreja etíope) adotou para si o calendário e o rito litúrgico copta, retirado do modelo praticado pelo clero de Alexandria. Havia costumes, como as danças e os tambores, os sacrifícios de cabras e, nos primeiros tempos, a admissão da poligamia. Além disso, havia a distinção entre o consumo de carne pura e impura, a proibição das mulheres de entrarem nos templos no dia seguinte ao que tiveram relações sexuais e a observação do sábado e não do domingo como dia consagrado.

A vida privada dos escravos romanos à época do Império é um espetáculo pueril que se olha com desdém. No entanto, esses homens tinham vida própria; por exemplo, participavam da religião, e não apenas da religião do lar que, afinal, era o seu: fora de casa, um escravo podia perfeitamente ser aceito como sacerdote pelos fiéis de alguma devoção coletiva; podia também se tornar padre dessa Igreja cristã que nem por um momento pensou em abolir a escravidão. Paganismo ou cristianismo, é possível que as coisas religiosas os tenham atraído muito, pois bem poucos outros setores estavam abertos para eles. Os escravos também se apaixonavam pelos espetáculos públicos do teatro, do circo e da arena, pois, nos dias de festa, tinham folga, assim como os tribunais, as crianças das escolas e... os burros de carga.

As bactérias constituem o grupo de seres vivos celulares mais numeroso em nosso planeta e afetam, positiva e negativamente, a qualidade de vida das pessoas em qualquer ambiente, como, por exemplo, nesse último caso, as inúmeras patogenias bacterianas.

A opção por uma dieta excludente de qualquer produto de origem animal é totalmente possível, porém, implica em uma reeducação alimentar cujo objetivo é manter a fisiologia do organismo o mais equilibrada possível, e, assim,

Especiação é o processo evolutivo que, no decorrer de milhares de anos, resulta na formação de novas espécies biológicas.

O cladograma ilustra as relações filogenéticas dos animais vertebrados.

1. A tecnologia para modificar geneticamente o mosquito Aedes aegypti utiliza dois genes: o primeiro, chamado tVAN, aumenta a produção de uma proteína na larva que, quando acumulada, morre antes de virar mosquito. O outro é o DisRed2, que permite identificar os insetos modificados usando uma luz específica, de modo que se consiga diferenciá-los dos mosquitos selvagens.

2. A fábrica tem capacidade de produzir 60 milhões de mosquitos por semana, e funciona como um grande criadouro. Tem uma área para a produção de ovos que serão modificados geneticamente. Esses ovos passam por etapa de eclosão, viram larvas, formam casulos até chegarem à fase de mosquito. Em todas essas etapas, eles são alimentados. O processo dura cerca de 14 dias, quando apenas os mosquitos machos são, enfim, liberados.

O padrão genético da cor da pelagem na raça bovina Shorthorn é um exemplo de codominância cujos dois alelos autossômicos envolvidos na pigmentação do pelo se manifestam no heterozigoto, denominado ruão. Os homozigotos apresentam a cor da pelagem vermelha ou branca.

Atualmente, a prática da compostagem doméstica com a utilização de minhocas vem se expandindo, tanto por maior conscientização, como também por campanhas promovidas por organizações governamentais e não governamentais.